High expression of Rex-orf-I and HBZ mRNAs and bronchiectasis in lung of HTLV-1A/C infected macaques.

HTLV-1 type-A rarely causes lung disease in humans, whereas HTLV-1 type-C is more frequently associated with respiratory failure and premature death. We investigated the genetic basis of HTLV-1C morbidity by constructing a chimeric HTLV-1A/C encompassing the highly divergent type C orf-I. We demonstrate that systemic infectivity of HTLV-1A and HTLV-1A/C is equivalent in macaques, but viral expression in lungs is significantly higher in HTLV-1A/C infection. In addition, bronchoalveolar-lavage immune cell dynamics differs greatly with neutrophils and monocytes producing TNF-α in HTLV-1A/C, but producing IL-10 in HTLV-1A infection. Animals infected with HTLV-1A/C develops bronchiectasis at 10 months from infection, but at the same timepoint those infected with HTLV-1A do not. HTLV-1A/C expressed a 16 kDa fusion protein (p16C) via a doubly spliced, Rex-orf-IC, mRNA able to shield T-cells from efferocytosis, a monocyte function that mitigates inflammation via clearance of apoptotic cells. The Rex-orf-IC mRNA is expressed as more frequent in the lung of HTLV-1A/C than HTLV-1A infected animals. Since defective efferocytosis is associated with lung obstructive pathologies, the data raise the hypothesis that p16C may contribute to the lung morbidity observed in HTLV-1C infection.