Altunkaynak Fikriye, Yalçin Emine, Çavuşoğlu Kültiğin
Department of Biology, Institute of Science, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, Giresun, 28200, Turkey.
Sci Rep. 2025 Sep 26;15(1):33037. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-07778-w.
Determining the effects of pollution in a water source on life is critical for the balance of nature. The aim of this study was to determine heavy metal pollution in Gelevera Stream and its effect on Allium cepa, an agricultural organism. Germination percentage, root elongation and weight gain were used as physiological parameters, mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN), chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) were used as cytogenetic parameters, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) were used as biochemical parameters and meristematic cell damage was used as anatomical parameters. The amount of DNA damage was assessed using the comet test. Four stations, namely A1, A2, A3 and A4, were identified in Gelevera stream to determine heavy metal pollution in water. ICP-MS was used to measure the heavy metals in water samples that were taken from each station. In the water samples taken from each station, bulbs were germinated for 72 h and the collected root samples were used in the analysis. As a result, the highest heavy metal pollution was measured in water samples collected from stations A4 > A3 > A2 > A1. Concentrations of elements such as Al, Hg, Ba, Ti, Ti, RB Cd, Mn, Sr, U and Co measured in water samples collected from station A4 were found to be above the reference values set by the Turkish Standards Institution (TSI), European Union (EU) and World Health Organization (WHO). The germination parameters of bulbs exposed to Gelevera stream water decreased. In Group V germinated with river water sample, in which the most pollution was detected, germination decreased by 45%, root length decreased by about 3.0 times and weight decreased by about 4.8 times. In Group III, Group IV and Group V, which were germinated with water samples collected from stations A2, A3 and A4 where heavy metal pollution was high, statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreases in MI and DNA percentages were found. Compared to Group I (control), MI decreased by 0.54% in Group II, 1.25% in Group III and 1.77% in Group V. In addition, statistically significant changes (p < 0.05) were found in MN and CAs frequency, MDA levels, proline levels and SOD and CAT enzyme activities of these groups. Different kinds of CAs and anatomical damage in root meristem cells were encouraged by heavy metal ions in Gelevera stream water. As heavy metal pollution increased, comet test findings indicated a decrease in the amount of head DNA and an increase in the percentage of tail DNA. As a result, it was determined that there is heavy metal pollution in Gelevera stream originating from different sources and far above the reference values, which promotes multifaceted toxicity in A. cepa, a non-target eukaryotic organism.
确定水源污染对生物的影响对于自然平衡至关重要。本研究的目的是确定盖莱韦拉溪中的重金属污染及其对农业生物洋葱的影响。发芽率、根伸长和重量增加被用作生理参数，有丝分裂指数（MI）、微核（MN）、染色体异常（CAs）被用作细胞遗传学参数，丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）被用作生化参数，分生组织细胞损伤被用作解剖学参数。使用彗星试验评估DNA损伤量。在盖莱韦拉溪中确定了四个站点，即A1、A2、A3和A4，以确定水中的重金属污染。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测量从每个站点采集的水样中的重金属。在从每个站点采集的水样中，将鳞茎发芽72小时，并将收集的根样本用于分析。结果，在从A4＞A3＞A2＞A1站点采集的水样中测得的重金属污染最高。在从A4站点采集的水样中测得的铝、汞、钡、钛、铷、镉、锰、锶、铀和钴等元素的浓度高于土耳其标准协会（TSI）、欧盟（EU）和世界卫生组织（WHO）设定的参考值。暴露于盖莱韦拉溪水的鳞茎的发芽参数降低。在检测到污染最严重的河水样本中发芽的第五组中，发芽率降低了45%，根长减少了约3.0倍，重量减少了约4.8倍。在分别用从重金属污染较高的A2、A3和A4站点采集的水样发芽的第三组、第四组和第五组中，发现MI和DNA百分比有统计学意义（p＜0.05）的下降。与第一组（对照组）相比，第二组的MI下降了0.54%，第三组下降了1.25%，第五组下降了1.77%。此外，在这些组的MN和CAs频率、MDA水平、脯氨酸水平以及SOD和CAT酶活性方面发现了统计学意义的变化（p＜0.05）。盖莱韦拉溪水中的重金属离子促使根分生组织细胞出现不同类型的CAs和解剖学损伤。随着重金属污染的增加，彗星试验结果表明头部DNA量减少，尾部DNA百分比增加。结果确定，盖莱韦拉溪存在源自不同来源且远高于参考值的重金属污染，这对非靶标真核生物洋葱造成多方面的毒性。
