Bıyıksız Gizem, Kalefetoğlu Macar Tuğçe, Çavuşoğlu Kültiğin, Yalçın Emine
Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey.
Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 10;15(1):24839. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-10777-6.
As the use of insect growth regulators such as triflumuron becomes more prevalent in modern agriculture, concerns have emerged regarding their multifaceted toxicity in non-target species. In this study, the multifaceted toxicity of triflumuron insecticide in the non-target bioindicator organism Allium cepa L. was investigated. For this purpose, the physiological effects of triflumuron on A. cepa bulbs (germination percentage, weight gain, and root elongation) were screened. In addition, cytogenetic (chromosomal abnormalities = CAs, micronucleus = MN, mitotic index = MI, and DNA damage = Comet analysis) and biochemical (superoxide dismutase = SOD and catalase = CAT enzyme activities, malondialdehyde = MDA and proline accumulation, and chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b amounts) analyses were performed in A. cepa root tip cells exposed to triflumuron. Root tip meristematic cell damage was also among the parameters examined. Onion bulbs were divided into 4 groups. The control group was treated with tap water. The other 3 groups were treated with 1.6 µg/L triflumuron, 10.0 µg/L triflumuron and 24.2 µg/L triflumuron, respectively. The selected triflumuron doses were based on LC₅₀ values reported for aquatic and terrestrial organisms to reflect environmentally relevant exposure levels. The application period lasted 72 h for root development and 144 h for leaf growth required for chlorophyll analysis. Triflumuron insecticide significantly reduced germination, root elongation, and weight gain in all groups. The decline in the values of physiological parameters was exacerbated with increasing dose of triflumuron. Triflumuron administration increased the frequency of MN and CAs, and decreased MI. CAs induced in the triflumuron-exposed groups were ranked according to their frequency as sticky chromosome, fragment, vagrant chromosome, unequal distribution of chromatin and bridge. Comet assay showed a considerable increase in the percentage of tail DNA. Genotoxicity arising from triflumuron was found to be dose-dependent. Triflumuron caused a significant increase in MDA and proline levels and antioxidant enzyme activities and a significant decrease in chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b levels in direct proportion to the application concentration. In the control group, A. cepa root tip meristem cells were normal and healthy. Meristem cell damage, cortex cell damage, cortex cell wall thickening, and flattened cell nuclei were observed in A. cepa root cells treated with triflumuron insecticide. In conclusion, triflumuron is a toxic chemical to A. cepa and toxicity is both multifaceted and tends to increase with increasing doses of triflumuron.
随着氟虫脲等昆虫生长调节剂在现代农业中的使用越来越普遍，人们对其在非靶标物种中的多方面毒性产生了担忧。在本研究中，调查了氟虫脲杀虫剂对非靶标生物指示生物洋葱（Allium cepa L.）的多方面毒性。为此，筛选了氟虫脲对洋葱鳞茎的生理影响（发芽率、重量增加和根伸长）。此外，对暴露于氟虫脲的洋葱根尖细胞进行了细胞遗传学分析（染色体异常= CAs、微核= MN、有丝分裂指数= MI和DNA损伤=彗星分析）和生化分析（超氧化物歧化酶= SOD和过氧化氢酶= CAT酶活性、丙二醛= MDA和脯氨酸积累以及叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量）。根尖分生组织细胞损伤也是检查的参数之一。洋葱鳞茎分为4组。对照组用自来水处理。其他3组分别用1.6 μg/L氟虫脲、10.0 μg/L氟虫脲和24.2 μg/L氟虫脲处理。所选的氟虫脲剂量基于报告的水生和陆生生物的LC₅₀值，以反映与环境相关的暴露水平。根发育的施药期持续72小时，叶绿素分析所需的叶片生长施药期持续144小时。氟虫脲杀虫剂显著降低了所有组的发芽率、根伸长和重量增加。随着氟虫脲剂量的增加，生理参数值的下降加剧。施用氟虫脲增加了MN和CAs的频率，并降低了MI。在氟虫脲暴露组中诱导的CAs按其频率排序为粘性染色体、片段、流浪染色体、染色质分布不均和桥。彗星试验显示尾DNA百分比显著增加。发现氟虫脲引起的遗传毒性呈剂量依赖性。氟虫脲导致MDA和脯氨酸水平以及抗氧化酶活性显著增加，叶绿素a和叶绿素b水平与施药浓度成正比显著降低。在对照组中，洋葱根尖分生组织细胞正常且健康。在用氟虫脲杀虫剂处理的洋葱根细胞中观察到分生组织细胞损伤、皮层细胞损伤、皮层细胞壁增厚和平扁细胞核。总之，氟虫脲对洋葱是一种有毒化学品，其毒性是多方面的，并且往往随着氟虫脲剂量的增加而增加。
