Holistic Management of Adult ADHD with a History of Addiction: Emphasis on Low-Addiction-Risk Psychopharmacotherapy.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder generally associated with pediatric patients and in lesser extent with adults. Patients diagnosed with ADHD have a higher likelihood of developing addiction. Consequently, a disorder that frequently co-occurs with ADHD is Substance Use Disorder (SUD). The pharmaceuticals prescribed in the treatment of ADHD are predominantly stimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamines, which possess a high addiction potential. The objective of this study is to examine the risk of developing substance dependence during stimulant treatment in individuals with ADHD who have a natural predisposition to addiction, with particular emphasis on adult patients with a history of SUD. Our literature review was conducted using research papers from PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, ProQuest and ScienceDirect. The main results from our review are as follows: (i) the majority of studies indicate that the administration of stimulants in the treatment of ADHD does not increase the risk of developing Substance Use Disorder; (ii) stimulants may also be used in the treatment of SUD; (iii) while pharmacotherapy is a crucial part of ADHD treatment, a holistic approach comprising pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy is most effective; (iv) holistic management of ADHD is necessary to improve patients' quality of life to the greatest extent possible.