Howlader Matiar M R, Ting Wei-Ting, Ali Md Younus
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
Department of Integrated Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025 Aug 24;18(9):1257. doi: 10.3390/ph18091257.
Excessive use of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, posing a significant threat to human health and the environment. Chloramphenicol (CAP), once widely used, has been banned in many regions for over 20 years due to its toxicity. Detecting CAP residues in food products is crucial for regulating safe use and preventing unnecessary antibiotic exposure. Electrochemical sensors are low-cost, sensitive, and easily detect CAP. This paper reviews recent research on electrochemical sensors for CAP detection, with a focus on the materials and fabrication techniques employed. The sensors are evaluated based on key performance parameters, including limit of detection, sensitivity, linear range, selectivity, and the ability to perform simultaneous detection. Specifically, we highlight the use of metal and carbon-based electrode modifications, including gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), nickel-cobalt (Ni-Co) hollow nano boxes, platinum-palladium (Pt-Pd), graphene (Gr), and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as well as molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) such as polyaniline (PANI) and poly(-phenylenediamine) (P(-PD)). The mechanisms by which these modifications enhance CAP detection are discussed, including improved conductivity, increased surface-to-volume ratio, and enhanced binding site availability. The reviewed sensors demonstrated promising results, with some exhibiting high selectivity and sensitivity, and the effective detection of CAP in complex sample matrices. This review aims to support the development of next-generation sensors for antibiotic monitoring and contribute to global efforts to combat antibiotic resistance.
过度使用抗生素会导致抗生素耐药性，对人类健康和环境构成重大威胁。氯霉素（CAP）曾被广泛使用，由于其毒性，在许多地区已被禁用20多年。检测食品中的氯霉素残留对于规范安全使用和防止不必要的抗生素暴露至关重要。电化学传感器成本低、灵敏度高，且易于检测氯霉素。本文综述了近年来用于检测氯霉素的电化学传感器的研究，重点关注所采用的材料和制造技术。基于关键性能参数对传感器进行评估，包括检测限、灵敏度、线性范围、选择性以及同时检测的能力。具体而言，我们重点介绍了金属和碳基电极修饰的应用，包括金纳米颗粒（AuNPs）、镍钴（Ni-Co）空心纳米盒、铂钯（Pt-Pd）、石墨烯（Gr）和共价有机框架（COFs），以及分子印迹聚合物（MIPs），如聚苯胺（PANI）和聚（对苯二胺）（P（-PD））。讨论了这些修饰增强氯霉素检测的机制，包括提高导电性、增加表面积与体积比以及增加结合位点的可用性。所综述的传感器显示出有前景的结果，一些传感器表现出高选择性和灵敏度，并能有效检测复杂样品基质中的氯霉素。本综述旨在支持下一代抗生素监测传感器的开发，并为全球抗击抗生素耐药性的努力做出贡献。
