Njjar Muath, Aktürk Ezgi Zekiye, Kaya Ahmet, Onac Canan, Akdogan Abdullah
Chemical Engineering Department, Pamukkale University, Denizli, 20170, Turkey.
Chemical Engineering Department, Izmir Institute of Technology, 3 Izmir, 3543, Turkey.
Anal Methods. 2025 Jul 3;17(26):5508-5518. doi: 10.1039/d5ay00911a.
: fipronil, a widely utilized insecticide in agriculture, has been shown to have potential health implications as it can accumulate in the environment and affect human health. Electrochemical sensors, specifically those incorporating molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), provide an efficient way for the detection of fipronil because of their selectivity and specificity. The combination of CuFeONPs and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) exhibits a synergistic effect that enhances sensitivity and selectivity. The composite's effective properties provide a robust platform for fipronil determination in various matrices. This study detected fipronil using an electrochemical sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with MIP@CuFeONPs@rGO. : the synthesized MIP@CuFeONPs@rGO material was characterized using various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The modified GCE showed enhanced electrochemical behavior for fipronil, as demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) techniques. Optimization of parameters such as pH, pyrrole concentration, and template concentration further improved sensor performance. The sensor exhibited a linear dynamic range of 1 to 6 nM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.30 nM (S/N = 3) and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.08 nM (S/N = 10), highlighting its sensitivity and reliability. The precision of the method was excellent, with a relative standard deviation of less than 4.0%. When applied to quantify fipronil in breast milk samples, the sensor showed high accuracy and precision, with recoveries ranging from 96.24% to 97.75%. : the sensor offers several advantages, including high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Its ability to detect fipronil in complex matrices such as breast milk highlights its potential for real-world applications in environmental and health monitoring. Overall, this research paves the way for the development of efficient, rapid and eco-friendly sensors for detecting pesticide residues in various environmental and biological samples.
氟虫腈是一种在农业中广泛使用的杀虫剂，已被证明具有潜在的健康影响，因为它会在环境中积累并影响人类健康。电化学传感器，特别是那些包含分子印迹聚合物（MIP）的传感器，由于其选择性和特异性，为氟虫腈的检测提供了一种有效方法。铜铁氧体纳米颗粒（CuFeONPs）和还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）的组合表现出协同效应，提高了灵敏度和选择性。该复合材料的有效性能为在各种基质中测定氟虫腈提供了一个强大的平台。本研究使用基于用MIP@CuFeONPs@rGO修饰的玻碳电极（GCE）的电化学传感器检测氟虫腈。合成的MIP@CuFeONPs@rGO材料使用各种技术进行了表征，如傅里叶变换红外（FT-IR）光谱、场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）分析、能量色散X射线（EDX）分析、布鲁瑙尔-埃米特-泰勒（BET）分析、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析和电化学阻抗谱（EIS）。修饰后的GCE对氟虫腈表现出增强的电化学行为，循环伏安法（CV）和方波伏安法（SWV）技术证明了这一点。对pH、吡咯浓度和模板浓度等参数的优化进一步提高了传感器性能。该传感器的线性动态范围为1至6 nM，检测限（LOD）为0.30 nM（S/N = 3），定量限（LOQ）为1.08 nM（S/N = 10），突出了其灵敏度和可靠性。该方法的精密度极佳，相对标准偏差小于4.0%。当应用于定量母乳样品中的氟虫腈时，该传感器显示出高准确性和精密度，回收率在96.24%至97.75%之间。该传感器具有几个优点，包括高灵敏度、特异性和准确性。它能够在母乳等复杂基质中检测氟虫腈，突出了其在环境和健康监测实际应用中的潜力。总体而言，本研究为开发用于检测各种环境和生物样品中农药残留的高效、快速且环保的传感器铺平了道路。
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