A Scoping Review on Male-Mediated Developmental Toxicity.

BACKGROUND

Developmental toxicity is defined as adverse effects induced either during pregnancy or as a result of parental exposure. While considerable attention has been devoted to maternal exposure to such chemicals, the role of paternal exposure has often been regarded as less significant.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to highlight the impact of male-mediated developmental toxicity.

METHODS

An online search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify studies focusing on developmental toxicity in offspring associated with paternal exposure during the preconception period.

RESULTS

The scientific literature-ranging from studies on pharmaceutical use to substances of abuse (notably tobacco, alcohol, opioids, and cannabinoids), as well as occupational and environmental exposure to specific compounds (e.g., phthalates, certain organic solvents, pesticides)-indicates that paternal exposure to developmental toxicants can adversely affect offspring health through various biochemical mechanisms.

CONCLUSIONS

There is substantial experimental evidence of male-mediated developmental toxicity for various chemicals, demonstrating a particular vulnerability of the male germ line to transmissible effects. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the biochemical pathways underlying this toxicity. Evidence in humans is more challenging to interpret; however, numerous findings-both concerning substances of abuse and occupational exposures-raise concerns regarding the potential developmental risks to offspring.