Heparin-Based Growth Factor Delivery Platforms: A Review.

Heparin-based delivery platforms have gained increasing attention in regenerative medicine due to their exceptional affinity for growth factors and versatility in structural and functional design. This review first introduces the molecular biosynthesis and physicochemical diversity of heparin, which underpin its binding selectivity and degradability. It then categorizes the delivery platforms into microspheres, nanofibers, and hydrogels, with detailed discussions on their fabrication techniques, biofunctional integration of heparin, and release kinetics. Special focus is given to stimuli-responsive systems-including pH-, enzyme-, redox-, thermal-, and ultrasound-sensitive designs-which allow spatiotemporal control over growth factor release. The platform applications are organized by tissue types, encompassing soft tissue regeneration, bone and cartilage repair, neuroregeneration, cardiovascular regeneration, wound healing, anti-fibrotic therapies, and cancer microenvironment modulation. Each section provides recent case studies demonstrating how heparin enhances the bioactivity, localization, and therapeutic efficacy of pro-regenerative or anti-pathologic growth factors. Collectively, these insights highlight heparin's dual role as both a carrier and modulator, positioning it as a pivotal component in next-generation, precision-targeted delivery systems.