Abozaid Dina, Elwakeel Enas, Mohamed Maged Ahmed, Bahnsawy Mohammad A, Eldebawy Mohamed, Elraggal Alaaeldin, Gwidah Fatima Alzahraa Abdellah, Azab Amr
Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
Odontology. 2025 Sep 30. doi: 10.1007/s10266-025-01209-y.
Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is valued in restorative dentistry for its chemical adhesion, fluoride release, and biocompatibility but has limitations in mechanical strength and long-term antibacterial activity. Propolis, a natural resin rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids, has shown antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, making it a potential bioactive additive to improve GIC performance. This systematic review evaluates the effects of propolis-modified GIC on antimicrobial activity and physico-mechanical properties, while identifying optimal formulations and concentrations for clinical use. Special emphasis is placed on methodological heterogeneity, chemical characterization gaps, and future research needs. Publications up to the end of 2024 were included from the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. The review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024627498) and conducted according to PRISMA guidelines using the PICO framework. Propolis-modified GIC generally demonstrated enhanced antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, and Candida albicans, particularly at concentrations of 25-50%. Mechanical outcomes varied with concentration, with 25% often balancing antimicrobial efficacy and mechanical stability, while higher concentrations improved hardness but sometimes reduced compressive and bond strength. Considerable heterogeneity was observed in GIC brands, propolis sources, extraction techniques, and incorporation methods, limiting direct comparability. Most studies lacked detailed chemical characterization, making it unclear which flavonoids or phenolic compounds drive the observed effects. Yellow discoloration was the main reported esthetic change, with no studies assessing long-term color stability or translucency. Propolis-modified GIC is a promising bioactive restorative material with potential antimicrobial benefits. However, methodological weaknesses, heterogeneity in preparation, and absence of chemical and long-term esthetic evaluation limit the direct clinical applicability of current evidence. Standardized protocols for material preparation, bioactive component identification, and comprehensive testing of mechanical and esthetic properties are recommended to advance this field.
玻璃离子水门汀（GIC）因其化学黏附性、氟释放能力和生物相容性，在口腔修复学中备受重视，但在机械强度和长期抗菌活性方面存在局限性。蜂胶是一种富含黄酮类化合物和酚酸的天然树脂，已显示出抗菌、抗氧化和抗炎作用，使其成为改善GIC性能的潜在生物活性添加剂。本系统评价评估了蜂胶改性GIC对抗菌活性和物理机械性能的影响，同时确定临床使用的最佳配方和浓度。特别强调了方法学异质性、化学表征差距和未来研究需求。纳入了截至2024年底来自Cochrane图书馆、科学网、PubMed和Scopus的出版物。该评价已在PROSPERO（CRD42024627498）上注册，并根据PRISMA指南使用PICO框架进行。蜂胶改性GIC通常对变形链球菌、乳酸杆菌和白色念珠菌表现出增强的抗菌活性，尤其是在浓度为25%-50%时。机械性能结果随浓度而异，25%的浓度通常能平衡抗菌效果和机械稳定性，而较高浓度可提高硬度，但有时会降低抗压强度和粘结强度。在GIC品牌、蜂胶来源、提取技术和掺入方法方面观察到相当大的异质性，限制了直接可比性。大多数研究缺乏详细的化学表征，不清楚是哪些黄酮类化合物或酚类化合物导致了观察到的效果。主要报告的美学变化是黄色变色，没有研究评估长期颜色稳定性或透明度。蜂胶改性GIC是一种有前途的生物活性修复材料，具有潜在的抗菌益处。然而，方法学缺陷、制备过程中的异质性以及缺乏化学和长期美学评价限制了当前证据的直接临床适用性。建议制定材料制备、生物活性成分鉴定以及机械和美学性能综合测试的标准化方案，以推动该领域的发展。
