Dolui Mriganka, Sarkar Sanjit
Department of Geography, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, 585367, Karnataka, India.
BMC Public Health. 2025 Oct 16;25(1):3510. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-24609-9.
Based on an increased prevalence of chronic respiratory conditions among women of reproductive age, understanding the risk factors of heart disease is crucial to inform policy and program interventions to address the problem. In this study, we empirically assessed the associations of behavioural factors such as the use of cooking fuels, smoking behaviour, household air pollution (HAP), and various demographic and socioeconomic characteristics with the prevalence of heart diseases in women.
The data were derived from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted in 2019-2021. The effective sample size for the present study was 7,24,115 women aged 15-49 years in India. Descriptive statistics, along with bivariate analysis were conducted to find the preliminary results. Further, multivariable binary logistic regressions were conducted to find the relationship between heart disease and behavioural factors such as cooking fuel, smoking behaviour and HAP.
It was revealed that women aged more than 29 years are at higher risk for heart disease (p < 0.05), irrespective of using clean cooking fuel (CCF) or polluting cooking fuel (PCF). Besides, women who are overweight (PCF = 1.15%; p < 0.05), have diabetes (PCF = 5.33%; p < 0.05), and have hypertension (PCF = 1.44%; p < 0.05) tend to have higher prevalence of risk of heart disease as they were using PCF. Furthermore, the odds ratio of heart disease was higher among women having exposure to smoking (OR:1.227; CI:1.130-1.333; p < 0.05), aged 45-49 (OR:2.474; CI:2.258-2.710; p < 0.05), lower education (OR:1.144; CI:1.048-1.249; p < 0.05), poorer wealth status (OR: 1.103; CI:1.011-1.203; p < 0.05), diabetes (OR: 4.677; CI: 4.297-5.09; p < 0.05), hypertension (OR: 1.48; CI: 1.386-1.58; p < 0.05) and current smoker (OR: 1.428; CI:1.304-1.565; p < 0.05).
The findings revealed that uses of PCF lead to HAP and is a contributing component to heart diseases. To address these challenges, the study suggests promoting alternative and CCF and raising awareness about the health hazards associated with HAP. Policy interventions focused on expanding access to clean fuels, and knowledge are crucial to achieving sustainable development goals and mitigating the impact of heart disease. Organizations dedicated to public health and environmental well-being should enhance efforts to promote the adoption of clean cooking alternatives, thereby reducing the burden of heart disease among women in India.
鉴于育龄女性慢性呼吸道疾病患病率上升，了解心脏病风险因素对于制定解决该问题的政策和项目干预措施至关重要。在本研究中，我们实证评估了诸如使用烹饪燃料、吸烟行为、家庭空气污染（HAP）等行为因素以及各种人口和社会经济特征与女性心脏病患病率之间的关联。
数据来自2019 - 2021年进行的全国家庭健康调查（NFHS）。本研究的有效样本量为印度724,115名年龄在15 - 49岁的女性。进行描述性统计以及双变量分析以得出初步结果。此外，进行多变量二元逻辑回归以找出心脏病与烹饪燃料、吸烟行为和HAP等行为因素之间的关系。
结果显示，无论使用清洁烹饪燃料（CCF）还是污染性烹饪燃料（PCF），29岁以上的女性患心脏病的风险更高（p < 0.05）。此外，超重（使用PCF的女性为1.15%；p < 0.05）、患有糖尿病（使用PCF的女性为5.33%；p < 0.05）和患有高血压（使用PCF的女性为1.44%；p < 0.05）的女性在使用PCF时患心脏病的风险往往更高。此外，接触吸烟的女性（OR：1.227；CI：1.130 - 1.333；p < 0.05）、年龄在45 - 49岁的女性（OR：2.474；CI：2.258 - 2.710；p < 0.05）、受教育程度较低的女性（OR：1.144；CI：1.048 - 1.249；p < 0.05）、财富状况较差的女性（OR：1.103；CI：1.011 - 1.203；p < 0.05）、患有糖尿病的女性（OR：4.677；CI：4.297 - 5.09；p < 0.05）、患有高血压的女性（OR：1.48；CI：1.386 - 1.58；p < 0.05）以及当前吸烟者（OR：1.428；CI：1.304 - 1.565；p < 0.05）患心脏病的比值比更高。
研究结果表明，使用PCF会导致HAP，是心脏病的一个促成因素。为应对这些挑战，该研究建议推广替代燃料和CCF，并提高对与HAP相关的健康危害的认识。专注于扩大清洁燃料获取和知识普及的政策干预对于实现可持续发展目标和减轻心脏病影响至关重要。致力于公共卫生和环境福祉的组织应加大力度促进采用清洁烹饪替代品，从而减轻印度女性的心脏病负担。
