New experiments of biotin enzymes.

The objects of structural studies on biotin-enzymes were acetyl CoA-carboxylase and pyruvate carboxylase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and beta-methylcrotonyl CoA-carboxylase and acetyl CoA-carboxylase of Achromobacter IV S. It was found that these enzymes can be arranged in three groups. In the first group, as represented by acetyl CoA-carboxylase of Achromobacter, the active enzyme could be resolved in three types of functional components: (1) the biotin-carboxyl carrier protein, (2) the biotin carboxylase, and (3) the carboxyl transferase. In the second group, as represented by beta-methylcrotonyl CoA-carboxylase from Achromobacter only two types of polypeptides are present. The one carries the biotin carboxylase activity together with the biotin-carboxyl-carrier protein, the other one carries the carboxyl transferase activity. In this third group, as represented by the two enzymes of yeast, all three catalytic functions are incorporated in one multifunctional polypeptide chain. The evolution of the different enzymes is discussed. The animal tissues acetyl CoA-carboxylase is under metabolic control, as known from previous studies. It thus has to be expected that the levels of malonyl CoA in livers of rats in all states of depressed fatty acid synthesis are much lower than under normal conditions because the carboxylation of acetyl CoA is strongly reduced and cannot keep pace with the consumption of malonyl CoA by fatty acid synthetase. A new highly sensitive assay method for malonyl CoA was developed which uses tritiated NADPH and measures the incorporation of radioactivity into the fatty acids formed from malonyl CoA in the presence of purified fatty acid synthetase. The application of this method to liver extracts showed that the level of malonyl CoA which amounts to about 7 nmoles per gram of wet liver drops to less than 10% within a starvation period of 24 hr and even further if the starvation period is extended to 48 hr. A low malonyl CoA concentration is also found in the alloxan diabetic animals and in animals being fed a fatty diet after starvation. On the other hand, feeding a carbohydrate rich diet leads to malonyl CoA levels surpassing the levels found after feeding a balanced diet. These observations reconfirm the concept that fatty acid synthesis is principally regulated by the carboxylation of acetyl CoA.