Klein K, Harris B
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1979 May;37(5):769-77. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.37.5.769.
The experiment utilized a 2 (high vs. low room density) X 2 (forewarning of a crowded room vs. no forewarning) X 2 (simple vs. complex task) design to examine the effects of anticipation of crowding on task performance. More tasks were attempted and efficiency was higher when expectancies about the crowd were confirmed. Subjects not told to anticipate a crowd who actually worked under high density and subjects warned about a crowd that did not materialize performed most poorly. These differences were largest for the complex task. Baum and Greenberg's results were replicated with the performance data. Perceptions of the experimental room also differed as a function of anticipation, but failure to obtain a Crowding X Anticipation interaction did not support their hypothesis that anticipating a crowd induces identical perceptions to those obtained under actual crowding. The results are discussed in terms of disconfirmed expectancies being disruptive of performance, particularly complex task performance.
该实验采用了一个2（高房间密度与低房间密度）×2（拥挤房间的预先警告与无预先警告）×2（简单任务与复杂任务）的设计，以检验对拥挤的预期对任务表现的影响。当对人群的预期得到证实时，尝试的任务更多且效率更高。未被告知预期会有拥挤情况但实际在高密度环境下工作的受试者，以及被告知会有拥挤情况但实际并未出现拥挤的受试者，表现最差。这些差异在复杂任务中最为明显。鲍姆和格林伯格的结果通过绩效数据得到了重复验证。对实验房间的感知也因预期而有所不同，但未能获得“拥挤×预期”的交互作用并不支持他们的假设，即预期会有拥挤会引发与实际拥挤情况下相同的感知。研究结果从预期未得到证实会干扰表现，尤其是复杂任务表现的角度进行了讨论。
