On the environment and the rotational motion of amphiphilic flavins in artificial membrane vesicles as studied by fluorescence.

The incorporation of four amphiphilic flavins ("amphiflavins") as fluorescence markers bearing C18-hydrocarbon chains at various positions of the chromophore into artificial membrane vesicles has been investigated. The vesicles utilized were made from three different saturated phospholipids. The stability of the flavin-charged vesicles was found to be good over several days, depending somewhat on the temperature, the pH, and their concentration. A marked increase of the fluorescence quantum yield near the vesicle phase transition (crystalline leads to liquid crystalline) was found which was taken to indicate that the flavin nuclei are imbedded more deeply into the hydrophobic portion of the membranes. This is further supported by a hypsochromic shift of the near flavin UV-peak and the increase of absorbance at 450 nm upon melting. Rotational relaxation times of the various amphiflavins bound to the different vesicles are obtained from measurements of the fluorescence polarizations as a function of temperature. From these data, the microviscosities in the region of the chromophors are calculated. Measurements of the fluorescence polarization as a function of the solvent viscosity and vesicle phase (crystalline-liquid crystalline) indicate that below the phase transition the flavin nucleus is protected from the suspension medium by a lipid-water interphase, which softens above phase transition. The dependence of the flavin orientation and microenvironment on the position of the substitution of the aliphatic chain is reflected in the differences of the fluorescence yields and the shape of the emission spectra.