Beaulaton J
Biochimie. 1979;61(2):157-64. doi: 10.1016/s0300-9084(79)80064-4.
A brief review is presented of the current state of ultrastructure, cytochemistry, and physiology of the hemocytes and meso- and metathoracic peri-imaginal-wing organs in silkworms. According to the accepted morphological classification, five circulating types of hemocytes are recognized in Bombyx mori as well as in Antheraea pernyi. They are prophemocytes or stem cells, plasmatocytes or pre-differentiated cells and three specialized cells, granulocytes, spherule cells and oenocytoids. During post-embryonic development the last four types are the most common in the circulating hemolymph. Plasmatocytes are considered to be pluripotent cells from which granulocytes, spherule cells and oenocytoids are derived. Contrary to the situation in most insects the plasmatocytes are not phagocytic in Antheraea. The granulocytes are efficient phagocytes. Both plasmatocytes and granulocytes are involved in pinocytosis. Another possible function of the granulocytes is hemolymph coagulation. The function of the spherule cells which contain a paracrystalline material (muco- or glycoproteins) is by no means clear. The phenoloxidase activity found within the cytosol of oenocytoids appears effective against the natural monophenol and diphenol substrates. The involvement of oenocytoids in the complex metabolism of phenols and particularly in the production of plasma phenolases has been reported. The mitotic division of five circulating hemocyte types is well known and was long regarded as the only mechanism of postembryonic hemocyte production. We present for silkworms, experimental evidence of the hemocytopoietic function of the meso- and metathoracic organs surrounding the imaginal wing discs. Ablation experiments demonstrate that the mitotic activity of free hemocytes is unable to maintain the normal hemocytogram in the absence of the two paris of organs. These organs are typically divided into cell islets ensheathed by a connective tissue membrane. Two types of islets may be classified by the disposition of the cells : the compact islets or aggregations of stem cells and the reticulate islets which are mainly composed of hemocytes at different steps of differentiation. The relative number of prohemocytes in the total hemocyte population ranges from 84 to 97 p. cent in organs of Antheraea pernyi. This well-defined cell type appears to be the major hemocyte type in hemocytopoietic organs. In Antheraea, the mitotic index (the relative number of mitotic hemocytes in the total cell population) varies from 0.5 to about 3 p. cent. Finally, our data direct attention to cyclic functional changes such as mitotic divisions and hemocyte differentiation which run parallel to the molting cycle.
本文简要综述了家蚕血细胞以及中胸和后胸围翅成虫盘器官的超微结构、细胞化学和生理学的研究现状。根据公认的形态学分类，家蚕和柞蚕的循环血细胞有五种类型。它们是原血细胞或干细胞、浆血细胞或预分化细胞以及三种特化细胞，即颗粒细胞、小球细胞和oenocytoids（暂未找到准确对应的中文译名）。在胚胎后期发育过程中，后四种类型是循环血淋巴中最常见的。浆血细胞被认为是多能细胞，颗粒细胞、小球细胞和oenocytoids均由其分化而来。与大多数昆虫的情况相反，柞蚕的浆血细胞不具有吞噬作用。颗粒细胞是高效的吞噬细胞。浆血细胞和颗粒细胞都参与胞饮作用。颗粒细胞的另一个可能功能是血淋巴凝固。含有副晶质物质（粘液或糖蛋白）的小球细胞的功能尚不清楚。在oenocytoids的胞质溶胶中发现的酚氧化酶活性似乎对天然单酚和二酚底物有效。已有报道称oenocytoids参与酚类的复杂代谢，尤其是血浆酚酶的产生。五种循环血细胞类型的有丝分裂是众所周知的，长期以来被认为是胚胎后期血细胞产生的唯一机制。我们提供了家蚕中胸和后胸围翅成虫盘器官造血功能的实验证据。切除实验表明，在没有这两对器官的情况下，游离血细胞的有丝分裂活性无法维持正常的血细胞计数。这些器官通常被结缔组织膜包裹成细胞岛。根据细胞的分布可以将细胞岛分为两种类型：紧密细胞岛或干细胞聚集区，以及网状细胞岛，后者主要由处于不同分化阶段的血细胞组成。在柞蚕器官中，原血细胞在总血细胞群体中的相对数量在84%至97%之间。这种明确界定的细胞类型似乎是造血器官中的主要血细胞类型。在柞蚕中，有丝分裂指数（有丝分裂血细胞在总细胞群体中的相对数量）在0.5%至约3%之间变化。最后，我们的数据引导人们关注与蜕皮周期平行的周期性功能变化，如有丝分裂和血细胞分化。
