Niinimaa V, Shephard R J, Dyon M
Br J Sports Med. 1979 Jun;13(2):62-5. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.13.2.62.
Determinants of performance and mechanical efficiency of effort have been made on a group of ten male nordic skiers, all participants in the University of Toronto ski-team. The oxygen intake at the maximum attainable speed of skiing on a level course averaged 89.6 percent of the maximum oxygen intake observed during uphill treadmill running; the latter (average 63.9 ml.kg-1 min-1) may be compared with values greater than 80 ml.kg1 min-1 for international competitors. Maximum heart rates and respiratory gas exchange ratios were generally lower during skiing than running, and it is suggested that the maximum oxygen intake attained during skiing is limited by the individual's skill. In support of this the more experienced skiers were able to reach close to 100 percent of the treadmill maximum oxygen intake during level skiing. A multiple regression analysis indicated that the skiing speed sustained over a one-hour period was related to experience of skiing, maximum oxygen intake, and the percentage of body fat. Assuming a dynamic friction coefficient of 0.075, a drag area of 0.7 m2 and a drag coefficient of 1.0, the gross mechanical efficiency of the university-class skier averaged a little under 20 percent, with a net efficiency of 21.3 percent.
对一组十名男性北欧滑雪运动员进行了运动表现和用力机械效率的相关测定，他们均为多伦多大学滑雪队的队员。在平坦雪道上以最大可达到速度滑雪时的摄氧量平均为在跑步机上上坡跑时所观察到的最大摄氧量的89.6%；后者（平均为63.9毫升·千克⁻¹·分钟⁻¹）可与国际比赛选手大于80毫升·千克⁻¹·分钟⁻¹的值相比较。滑雪时的最大心率和呼吸气体交换率通常低于跑步时，并且有人提出，滑雪时达到的最大摄氧量受个体技能的限制。作为对此的支持，经验更丰富的滑雪者在平坦雪道滑雪时能够达到接近跑步机最大摄氧量的100%。多元回归分析表明，一小时内持续的滑雪速度与滑雪经验、最大摄氧量和体脂百分比有关。假设动摩擦系数为0.075、阻力面积为0.7平方米且阻力系数为1.0，大学级滑雪者的总机械效率平均略低于20%，净效率为21.3%。
