Hughes J, Jacobs N
Prosthet Orthot Int. 1979 Apr;3(1):4-12. doi: 10.3109/03093647909164693.
A study of normal locomotion requires an understanding of both the movements and the force actions involved. This is equally true in appreciating the problems of pathological gait. The gait cycle is described in terms of the significant events which occur during both the stance and swing phases. The basic principles underlying the analysis of force actions in walking are briefly described. A simple example of force actions in the elbow joint is considered and the analysis extrapolated to provide a general statement regarding locomotion. This relates to the muscle actions required to resist turning actions at joints due to the force effects in walking and the corresponding forces in the joints themselves. The conventional display of information relating to joing actions is considered and compared with the actual situation, "Stick diagrams" of motion in the sagittal plane are used to identify and discuss the actions at the joints of the leg in walking. Comparisons are made between this and pathological gait--in particular that of the above-knee amputee.
对正常运动的研究需要理解其中涉及的运动和力的作用。在认识病理性步态问题时也是如此。步态周期是根据在站立期和摆动期发生的重要事件来描述的。简要描述了步行中力的作用分析所依据的基本原理。考虑了肘关节力的作用的一个简单例子，并进行外推分析以提供关于运动的一般性陈述。这涉及到由于步行中的力的作用以及关节自身相应的力而在关节处抵抗转动作用所需的肌肉动作。考虑了与关节动作相关信息的传统显示方式，并将其与实际情况进行比较，矢状面运动的“杆状图”用于识别和讨论步行时腿部关节的动作。将其与病理性步态，特别是膝上截肢者的步态进行比较。
