Hoving K L, Wallace J R, LaForme G L
Genet Psychol Monogr. 1979 May;99(Second Half):251-89.
Three experiments were designed to examine the expression of instrumental and hostile aggression by 6- to 10-year-old children during a competitive game. The rate at which a child pressed a button which allegedly interfered with his opponent's progress on the task was the measure of instrumental aggression. Pressing a second button presumably caused one's opponent to hear an aversive noise and served as the measure of hostile aggression. The task was designed in an attempt to isolate (a) frustration from attack as the instigator of aggression and (b) instrumental from hostile aggression as the desired outcome. In all three experiments the measures of instrumental and hostile aggression were generally highly correlated except under provocation conditions during which the number of attacks exceeded the number of frustrations. This suggested that the task was successful in tapping two different classes of aggressive responding. In Experiment 1 older children (N = 161 males and females) expressed more of both instrumental and hostile aggression than did younger children, and males were more aggressive than females on both measures. However, neither measure of aggression varied as a function of level of provocation. This finding was discrepant from the authors' previous research which had focused solely on instrumental aggression. Apparently, the introduction of attack and the opportunity for hostile responding changed the experimental situation. In order to focus more directly on this issue, Experiments 2 (N = 60 males) and 3 (N = 56 males) used various combinations of attack and frustration with 9- and 10-year-old males. Attack, prior to frustration, elicited the greatest amount of hostile aggression. Frustration, with no attack, resulted in the highest level of instrumental aggression. The complex relationship between these sources of provocation and instrumental and hostile aggression was discussed.
设计了三个实验来考察6至10岁儿童在一场竞争性游戏中工具性攻击和敌意性攻击的表现。儿童按下一个据称会干扰对手任务进程的按钮的频率，是工具性攻击的衡量指标。按下另一个按钮大概会让对手听到厌恶的噪音，以此作为敌意性攻击的衡量指标。该任务的设计旨在（a）将作为攻击煽动因素的挫折与攻击区分开来，以及（b）将工具性攻击与敌意性攻击区分开来，作为期望的结果。在所有三个实验中，工具性攻击和敌意性攻击的衡量指标通常高度相关，除了在攻击次数超过挫折次数的挑衅条件下。这表明该任务成功地挖掘出了两类不同的攻击性反应。在实验1中，年龄较大的儿童（161名男性和女性）在工具性攻击和敌意性攻击方面的表现都比年龄较小的儿童更多，并且在这两项指标上男性都比女性更具攻击性。然而，攻击性的任何一项指标都没有随着挑衅程度而变化。这一发现与作者之前仅关注工具性攻击的研究结果不一致。显然，攻击的引入以及敌意性反应的机会改变了实验情境。为了更直接地关注这个问题，实验2（60名男性）和实验3（56名男性）对9岁和10岁的男性使用了攻击和挫折的各种组合。在挫折之前的攻击引发了最大量的敌意性攻击。没有攻击的挫折导致了最高水平的工具性攻击。讨论了这些挑衅来源与工具性攻击和敌意性攻击之间的复杂关系。
