Crick N R, Dodge K A
Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA.
Child Dev. 1996 Jun;67(3):993-1002.
Theories of aggressive behavior and ethological observations in animals and children suggest the existence of distinct forms of reactive (hostile) and proactive (instrumental) aggression. Toward the validation of this distinction, groups of reactive aggressive, proactive aggressive, and nonaggressive children were identified (n = 624 9-12-year-olds). Social information-processing patterns were assessed in these groups by presenting hypothetical vignettes to subjects. 3 hypotheses were tested: (1) only the reactive-aggressive children would demonstrate hostile biases in their attributions of peers' intentions in provocation situations (because such biases are known to lead to reactive anger); (2) only proactive-aggressive children would evaluate aggression and its consequences in relatively positive ways (because proactive aggression is motivated by its expected external outcomes); and (3) proactive-aggressive children would select instrumental social goals rather than relational goals more often than nonaggressive children. All 3 hypotheses were at least partially supported.
关于攻击性行为的理论以及对动物和儿童的行为学观察表明，存在明显不同形式的反应性（敌意性）攻击和主动性（工具性）攻击。为了验证这种区别，确定了反应性攻击型、主动性攻击型和非攻击型儿童群体（n = 624名9至12岁儿童）。通过向受试者呈现假设的情景来评估这些群体的社会信息处理模式。测试了三个假设：（1）只有反应性攻击型儿童在挑衅情境中对同伴意图的归因中会表现出敌意偏见（因为已知这种偏见会导致反应性愤怒）；（2）只有主动性攻击型儿童会以相对积极的方式评估攻击行为及其后果（因为主动性攻击的动机是其预期的外部结果）；（3）与非攻击型儿童相比，主动性攻击型儿童会更频繁地选择工具性社会目标而非关系性目标。所有三个假设都至少得到了部分支持。
