Brodzinsky D M, Messer S B, Tew J D
Child Dev. 1979 Jun;50(2):372-9.
The present study explored sex differences in children's expression and control of fantasy and overt aggression. Fifth-grade boys and girls were presented a TAT-like projective test to measure fantasy aggression and controls over aggression. Overt peer-oriented aggression was measured by peer and teacher ratings. Results indicated that boys were rated more physically and verbally aggressive than girls but not more indirectly aggressive. Boys also produced more physical aggression in fantasy than girls, although the opposite trend was found for indirect aggression; no sex difference was found for verbal fantasy aggression. Finally, girls had a higher ratio of aggression control per total fantasy aggression than boys. The results support the position that while boys, in contrast to girls, are socialized in a way that encourage direct expression of aggression, girls are just as likely to be aggressive as boys when the aggression is indirect. The results are discussed further from the perspective of social learning theory and Maccoby and Jacklin's biological position.
本研究探讨了儿童在幻想和公开攻击行为的表达与控制方面的性别差异。对五年级的男孩和女孩进行了一项类似主题统觉测验（TAT）的投射测验，以测量幻想攻击和对攻击行为的控制。通过同伴和教师评分来衡量公开的同伴导向攻击行为。结果表明，男孩在身体和言语攻击方面的评分高于女孩，但在间接攻击方面并非如此。男孩在幻想中产生的身体攻击行为也比女孩多，不过在间接攻击方面发现了相反的趋势；在言语幻想攻击方面未发现性别差异。最后，女孩在总幻想攻击中攻击控制的比例高于男孩。研究结果支持了这样一种观点，即与女孩相比，男孩在社会化过程中受到鼓励直接表达攻击行为的方式影响，而当攻击行为是间接的时候，女孩与男孩具有同样的攻击性。将从社会学习理论以及麦科比和杰克林的生物学观点的角度对研究结果进行进一步讨论。
