Yonas A, Kuskowski M, Sternfels S
Child Dev. 1979 Jun;50(2):495-500.
The use of frames of reference in interpreting shading information in pictures was studied with children from 3 to 8 years of age. After learning to discriminate tactually between a convexity and a concavity, the subjects were presented a photograph of the convexity and the concavity in which the only information for differential shape was provided by the relationship between the orientation of the shading on the shapes and the frames of reference. By changing the position of the subject's head, rotating the display, and changing the location of the source of illumination, the relevance of egocentric, environmental, and lighting-specified frames of reference was manipulated. Children in this age range were found to be sensitive to shading information for depth, both when that information was specified by only a single frame of reference and when all three frames of reference were relevant. Differences in the responsiveness to individual frames of reference were found: the egocentric (head-retina) frame of reference was most effective, followed by the environmental reference frame, and finally by the frame of reference based on the location of the light source in the space surrounding the photograph. Responsiveness to the environmental and lighting-based frames of reference increased with age, while responsiveness to the egocentric frame of reference was high for all age groups and did not increase with age.
研究人员对3至8岁的儿童进行了一项关于在解读图片中的阴影信息时参考框架运用的研究。在通过触觉学会区分凸面和凹面之后，向受试者展示凸面和凹面的照片，其中唯一用于区分形状的信息是形状上阴影的方向与参考框架之间的关系。通过改变受试者头部的位置、旋转展示画面以及改变光源的位置，对以自我为中心、环境和光照指定的参考框架的相关性进行了操控。研究发现，这个年龄段的儿童对深度的阴影信息很敏感，无论是当该信息仅由单个参考框架指定时，还是当所有三个参考框架都相关时。研究还发现了对各个参考框架反应的差异：以自我为中心（头部 - 视网膜）的参考框架最有效，其次是环境参考框架，最后是基于照片周围空间中光源位置的参考框架。对环境和基于光照的参考框架的反应随着年龄增长而增强，而对以自我为中心的参考框架的反应在所有年龄组中都很高，且不随年龄增长而增加。
