Crumbaugh J C, Carr G L
Int J Addict. 1979 Aug;14(6):847-53. doi: 10.3109/10826087909041913.
This study evaluates the results of group logoanalysis with selected hospitalized alcoholics using the Purpose in Life (PIL) Test as a before-and-after measure of therapeutic outcome in comparison with controls. Results suggest that closed-end logoanalysis groups are superior to open-end groups, and that both are superior to controls in improving the patient's sense of meaning and purpose in life as measured by the PIL.
本研究使用生活目的（PIL）测试作为治疗效果的前后衡量指标，对选定的住院酗酒者进行团体象征分析，并与对照组进行比较，评估其结果。结果表明，封闭式象征分析组优于开放式象征分析组，且在通过PIL测试衡量的改善患者生活意义感和目的感方面，两组均优于对照组。
