Beaman A L, Klentz B, Diener E, Svanum S
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1979 Oct;37(10):1835-46. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.37.10.1835.
Two field studies explored the relationship between self-awareness and transgressive behavior. In the first study, 363 Halloween trick-or-treaters were instructed to only take one candy. Self-awareness induced by the presence of a mirror placed behind the candy bowl decreased transgression rates for children who had been individuated by asking them their name and address, but did not affect the behavior of children left anonymous. Self-awareness influenced older but not younger children. Naturally occurring standards instituted by the behavior of the first child to approach the candy bowl in each group were shown to interact with the experimenter's verbally stated standard. The behavior of 349 subjects in the second study replicated the findings in the first study. Additionally, when no standard was stated by the experimenter, children took more candy when not self-aware than when self-aware.
两项实地研究探讨了自我意识与违规行为之间的关系。在第一项研究中，363名万圣节“不给糖就捣蛋”的孩子被要求只拿一块糖果。放在糖果碗后面的镜子所引发的自我意识降低了那些被询问姓名和地址从而实现个体化的孩子的违规率，但对匿名孩子的行为没有影响。自我意识对年龄较大的孩子有影响，对年龄较小的孩子则没有。研究表明，每组中第一个走向糖果碗的孩子的行为所形成的自然标准与实验者口头陈述的标准相互作用。第二项研究中349名受试者的行为重复了第一项研究的结果。此外，当实验者没有设定标准时，孩子在没有自我意识时比有自我意识时拿的糖果更多。
