Brimer R W, Mueller J H
Am J Psychol. 1979 Sep;92(3):437-47.
Immediate and delayed recall of pictures and words was examined as a function of semantic or nonsemantic orienting tasks and the type of test (written or oral). As expected, semantic tasks generally led to greater final recall than nonsemantic tasks, with semantic tasks even producing positive recency on the delayed test. The evidence for a picture-word difference was largely restricted to the final recall of items involved in negative decisions; for such items the advantage of semantic tasks was apparent only for pictures. This suggests that "congruity" may be an important factor in picture-word differences, with such differences more apparent for the weaker items from negative judgments. Type of test did not seem to be a major factor in determining level of recall, suggesting that reinspecting the recall protocol during a written immediate test does not contribute substantially to final recall performance.
根据语义或非语义定向任务以及测试类型（书面或口头），对图片和单词的即时回忆和延迟回忆进行了检验。正如预期的那样，语义任务通常比非语义任务产生更高的最终回忆成绩，语义任务甚至在延迟测试中产生了正向近因效应。图片与单词差异的证据在很大程度上仅限于对否定判断中涉及项目的最终回忆；对于此类项目，语义任务的优势仅在图片方面明显。这表明“一致性”可能是图片与单词差异中的一个重要因素，这种差异在否定判断中较弱的项目上更为明显。测试类型似乎不是决定回忆水平的主要因素，这表明在书面即时测试期间重新检查回忆记录对最终回忆表现没有实质性贡献。
