Jackson M D, McClelland L
J Exp Psychol Gen. 1979 Jun;108(2):151-81. doi: 10.1037//0096-3445.108.2.151.
Two groups of university undergraduates differing in reading ability were tested on a number of reaction-time tasks designed to determine the speed of encoding visual information at several different levels. In addition, the subjects were given tests of sensory functions, verbal and quantitative reasoning ability, short-term auditory memory span, and ability to comprehend spoken text. The groups did not differ on the sensory tests. However, the faster reader group had faster reaction times on all of the reaction-time tasks, and the size of the fast-reader advantage increased with the mean reaction time. Faster readers also performed more accurately in verbal and quantitative reasoning, short-term auditory memory, and speech comprehension. Regression analyses suggested that the ability to comprehend spoken material and speed of accessing overlearned memory codes for visually presented letters represented two important independent correlates of reading ability in our sample of subjects. Two variables reflecting these abilities--the percentage of correct answers to a listening comprehension test and the reaction time for correct responses in a letter-matching task--accounted for nearly all of the variance in reading ability tapped by both of our reading tests. In a second experiment, no reaction-time difference was found between fast and average readers in a matching task requiring no long-term memory code access but considerable visual information processing as indexed by overall mean reaction time. The results supported the conclusion that one skill allowing fast readers to capture more information from each reading fixation is faster access to letter codes from print.
两组阅读能力不同的大学生接受了一系列反应时间任务测试，这些任务旨在确定在几个不同层面编码视觉信息的速度。此外，还对受试者进行了感觉功能、言语和定量推理能力、短期听觉记忆广度以及口语理解能力的测试。两组在感觉测试方面没有差异。然而，阅读速度较快的组在所有反应时间任务中的反应时间都更快，并且快速阅读者的优势大小随着平均反应时间的增加而增大。阅读速度较快的人在言语和定量推理、短期听觉记忆以及言语理解方面也表现得更准确。回归分析表明，在我们的受试者样本中，理解口语材料的能力以及为视觉呈现的字母获取过度学习的记忆代码的速度是阅读能力的两个重要独立相关因素。反映这些能力的两个变量——听力理解测试的正确答案百分比和字母匹配任务中正确反应的反应时间——几乎解释了我们两项阅读测试所利用的阅读能力的所有差异。在第二个实验中，在一项不需要长期记忆代码访问但需要大量视觉信息处理的匹配任务中，快速阅读者和普通阅读者之间未发现反应时间差异，整体平均反应时间可作为该任务视觉信息处理量的指标。结果支持了这样的结论，即让快速阅读者从每次阅读注视中获取更多信息的一项技能是更快地从印刷品中获取字母代码。
