Rae G
J Gen Psychol. 1979 Oct;101(2d Half,):175-81. doi: 10.1080/00221309.1979.9920071.
An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of mode of presentation (auditory or visual) and work meaningfulness on primary and secondary components of free recall (N = 80 female undergraduates). The results indicated that (a) word meaningfulness affected both primary and secondary memory, (b) visual presentation was superior to auditory presentation in secondary memory but auditory presentation was superior to visual presentation in primary memory (the modality effect), and (c) the modality effect was independent of word meaningfulness. It is suggested that there are modality-specific stores in primary memory, and that these stores can employ different forms of coding.
进行了一项实验，以确定呈现方式（听觉或视觉）和工作意义对自由回忆的主要和次要成分的影响（N = 80名女大学生）。结果表明：（a）单词意义影响主要记忆和次要记忆；（b）在次要记忆中，视觉呈现优于听觉呈现，但在主要记忆中，听觉呈现优于视觉呈现（模态效应）；（c）模态效应与单词意义无关。研究表明，主要记忆中存在特定模态的存储，并且这些存储可以采用不同的编码形式。
