an der Heiden U
J Math Biol. 1979 Dec;8(4):345-64. doi: 10.1007/BF00275831.
In comparison to most physical or chemical systems, biological systems are of extreme complexity. In addition the time needed for transport or processing of chemical components or signals may be of considerable length. Thus temporal delays have to be incorporated into models leading to differential-difference and functional differential equations rather than ordinary differential equations. A number of examples, on different levels of biological organization, demonstrate that delays can have an influence on the qualitative behavior of biological systems: The existence or non-existence of instabilities and periodic or even chaotic oscillations can entirely depend on the presence of absence of delays with appropriate duration.
与大多数物理或化学系统相比，生物系统极其复杂。此外，化学组分或信号的传输或处理所需的时间可能相当长。因此，时间延迟必须纳入模型，从而导致差分 - 差分方程和泛函微分方程，而不是常微分方程。在生物组织的不同层面上的许多例子表明，延迟可以对生物系统的定性行为产生影响：不稳定性的存在与否以及周期性甚至混沌振荡完全可能取决于是否存在具有适当持续时间的延迟。
