Oocyte differentiation in the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, with particular reference to the origin of cortical granules and their participation in the cortical reaction.

This paper presents morphological evidence on the origin of cortical granules in the oocytes of Arbacia punctulata and other echinoderms. During oocyte differentiation, those Golgi complexes associated with the production of cortical granules are composed of numerous saccules with companion vesicles. Each element of the Golgi complex contains a rather dense homogeneous substance. The vesicular component of the Golgi complex is thought to be derived from the saccular member by a pinching-off process. The pinched-off vesicles are viewed as containers of the precursor(s) of the cortical granules. In time, they coalesce and form a mature cortical granule whose content is bounded by a unit membrane. Thus, it is asserted that the Golgi complex is involved in both the synthesis and concentration of precursors utilized in the construction of the cortical granule. Immediately after the egg is activated by the sperm the primary envelope becomes detached from the oolemma, thereby forming what we have called the activation calyx (see Discussion). Subsequent to the elaboration of the activation calyx, the contents of cortical granules are released (cortical reaction) into the perivitelline space. The discharge of the constituents of a cortical granule is accomplished by the union of its encompassing unit membrane, in several places, with the oolemma.