Danielsen L, Thomsen H K, Nielsen O, Aalund O, Nielsen K G, Karlsmark T, Genefke I K
Forensic Sci Int. 1978 Nov-Dec;12(3):211-25. doi: 10.1016/0379-0738(78)90006-3.
The morphology of pig skin after electrical (el) and thermal exposure was studied in order to find methods applicable for disclosing electrical torture. Biopsies from pig skin exposed 24 hours earlier to either heat or electrical current under general anesthesia were studied by light microscopy. The amount of energy used of either type ranged from about 6 to about 100 joule deposited on two circular areas of the skin measuring 12 mm in diameter. In sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin alterations were found in heat-influenced specimens following the administration of moderate and large doses of energy. Changes were observed in el-influenced specimens also after the administration of low amounts of energy, which did not lead to macroscopical changes in the skin. The two types of energy induced different patterns of alterations inside the epidermis. The most characteristic change following heat exposure was the presence of a granular or fibrillar eosinophilic cytoplasm and subepidermal clefts, while el-expoure often produced white homogeneous cytoplasm and shadowy nuclei ("white necrosis") in the attached epidermis. The individual changes could be produced by both types of injury, but to a highly different degree. However, the alteration classified as "vesicular nuclei" was only observed observed in el-damaged skin. The dermis from the more severely injured skin of both groups showed a homogeneous appearance ("necrosis"). While the changes of epidermis and dermis in response to heat were diffusely distributed, the changes created by electrical injury were often present in segments. By electrical damage homogeneous areas with loss of stainability and shadowy nuclei were occasionally observed in sweat glands, hair sheaths and in vessel walls, structures which are suggested to serve as conductors for the electrical current. "Vesicular nuclei" were observed in similar structures. Some of the findings may be associated with differences in intensity of energy during exposure to heat and electricity. Furthermore, the existence of different biological patterns following the two types of exposure should be considered. The studies are being continued to elucidate these basic questions, and to study further the medical diagnostic potential of examining skin biopsies from tortured individuals.
为了找到适用于揭示电刑的方法，对猪皮肤在电暴露和热暴露后的形态进行了研究。通过光学显微镜对在全身麻醉下24小时前暴露于热或电流的猪皮肤活检样本进行了研究。两种类型所使用的能量范围为沉积在两个直径为12毫米的圆形皮肤区域上的约6至约100焦耳。在用苏木精和伊红染色的切片中，在给予中等剂量和大剂量能量后，热影响的标本中发现了改变。在给予少量能量后，电影响的标本中也观察到了变化，而这并未导致皮肤出现宏观变化。两种类型的能量在表皮内引起了不同的改变模式。热暴露后最具特征性的变化是存在颗粒状或纤维状嗜酸性细胞质和表皮下裂隙，而电暴露通常在附着的表皮中产生白色均匀的细胞质和模糊的细胞核（“白色坏死”）。个体变化可由两种类型的损伤引起，但程度差异很大。然而，归类为“泡状核”的改变仅在电损伤的皮肤中观察到。两组中损伤更严重的皮肤的真皮呈现出均匀的外观（“坏死”）。虽然表皮和真皮对热的反应变化是弥漫性分布的，但电损伤造成的变化通常呈节段性出现。通过电损伤，在汗腺、毛囊和血管壁中偶尔观察到均匀区域，其失去了染色性且细胞核模糊，这些结构被认为是电流的导体。在类似结构中观察到了“泡状核”。一些发现可能与热暴露和电暴露期间能量强度的差异有关。此外，应考虑两种类型暴露后不同生物学模式的存在。研究正在继续以阐明这些基本问题，并进一步研究检查受折磨个体皮肤活检样本的医学诊断潜力。
