Krmpotić-Nemanić J
Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1978 Apr 20;219(1):1-91. doi: 10.1007/BF00456574.
After a short review of developmental data concerning the head and neck arteries, the normal conditions, variations and malformations of single arteries are described. Special attention is paied to the skeletotopic and topographic relations of the arteries. In every bigger vessel its length, position, origin and branches are described, and in most cases are also demonstrated by diagrams and tables. As the aortic arch may also reach the neck region, its variation and malformations as well as the variations of its branches are mentioned. The variations and the malformations of the inominate artery, of the common carotid artery, as well as of the external and internal carotid arteries are described. The practical importance of these variations is stressed. Upon description of variations and malformations anatomical, surgical und roentgenological findings described in literature, as well as personal experiences are considered. Special attention has been paied to the variations of the circulus arteriosus Willisi, to the persistence of the presegmental arteries and to the possibility of formation of a by-pass in occlusion or aplasia of cerebral arteries. The position of the subclavian artery, its variations and the variations of its branches are described. After a short embryological introduction, the variations of the venous system and its anastomoses are described. At the end, the main variations of the big lymphatic vessels in the neck are mentioned.
在对有关头颈部动脉的发育数据进行简短回顾后，描述了单条动脉的正常情况、变异和畸形。特别关注动脉的骨骼定位和局部解剖关系。对每条较大血管的长度、位置、起源和分支进行了描述，并且在大多数情况下还通过图表进行了展示。由于主动脉弓也可能延伸至颈部区域，因此提及了其变异和畸形以及其分支的变异。描述了无名动脉、颈总动脉以及颈外动脉和颈内动脉的变异和畸形。强调了这些变异的实际重要性。在描述变异和畸形时，考虑了文献中描述的解剖学、外科学和放射学发现以及个人经验。特别关注了Willis动脉环的变异、节段前动脉的持续存在以及脑动脉闭塞或发育不全时形成旁路的可能性。描述了锁骨下动脉的位置、其变异及其分支的变异。在进行简短的胚胎学介绍后，描述了静脉系统的变异及其吻合情况。最后，提及了颈部大淋巴管的主要变异。
