Gschwend J
Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr Grenzgeb. 1977 Feb;45(2):128-40.
On the basis of characteristics of the exteroceptive reflexes and of the instincts it was shown that instinct behaviour developed from reflex characteristics (local characteristic of the stimuli, pos. and neg. taxis, habituation, conditioning). Most similarities are found between reflex and avoidance instinct behaviour (instincts for excretion, thermoregulation, body care, pain avoidance and safety). Except the safety instinct, all others react on stimuli, characterised by the localisation of the receptors. In the safety instinct the structure of the stimulus becomes important, together with the growing importance of the third dimension. This instinct shows also for the first time a variability of the threshold with spontaneous remaining low for some time after stimulation of the system. Inverse the gain instincts (nutrition, sex and social instinct). Here the threshold falls spontaneously, when stimuli are lacking and raises, when stimuli are found. The spontaneous motor expression of the lowering of the threshold is the appetite behaviour. It means seeking stimuli, which will be gained by elements of the initial and terminal success behaviour. The successfull nutritional and sexual behaviour is stopped by success inhibition, whereas the social instinct remains in the terminal success behaviour with group dynamic hierarchy, with imitating and helping behaviour. Overchanging of the gain instincts provokes avoidance behaviour with constant threshold. The neural systems of most reflexes lie distributed in the spinal cord and brainstem, the ones of the instincts in the limbic part of the brain, the nutrition and sex instinct with a hypothalamic pacemaker. Simultaneous activation of two or many instinct motivation systems result, not comparable with the direct reflex interaction, in interactions on the level of the global interaction, in interactions on the level of the global integration (summation, mixture, synthesis, rest, oscillation, intention) which projects the activity patterns via the motor cortex to the peripheral neurons. There it is completed by the reflexes. The hormonal and vegetative projection instead go directly to the end organs. The motivation is responsible for the subjective experience, the dominating integration with its motor projection for the instinct behaviour.
基于外感受性反射和本能的特征表明，本能行为是从反射特征（刺激的局部特征、正趋性和负趋性、习惯化、条件作用）发展而来的。在反射和回避本能行为（排泄、体温调节、身体护理、疼痛回避和安全本能）之间发现了大多数相似之处。除了安全本能外，所有其他本能都对以感受器定位为特征的刺激做出反应。在安全本能中，刺激的结构变得很重要，同时第三维度的重要性也在增加。这种本能还首次显示出阈值的可变性，在系统受到刺激后，阈值会在一段时间内自发保持较低水平。与之相反的是增益本能（营养、性和社会本能）。在这里，当缺乏刺激时，阈值会自发下降，而当发现刺激时，阈值会升高。阈值降低的自发运动表现是食欲行为。这意味着寻找刺激，这些刺激将通过初始和最终成功行为的要素获得。成功的营养和性行为会因成功抑制而停止，而社会本能则保留在具有群体动态等级制度的最终成功行为中，包括模仿和帮助行为。增益本能的过度变化会引发阈值恒定的回避行为。大多数反射的神经系统分布在脊髓和脑干中，本能的神经系统分布在大脑的边缘部分，营养和性本能有一个下丘脑起搏器。两个或多个本能动机系统的同时激活，与直接反射相互作用不同，会在全局相互作用层面上产生相互作用，在全局整合层面上产生相互作用（总和、混合、合成、休息、振荡、意图），这些相互作用通过运动皮层将活动模式投射到外周神经元。在那里，它由反射完成。相反，激素和植物性投射直接到达终末器官。动机负责主观体验，主导整合及其运动投射负责本能行为。
