Dobrzecka C, Szejkowska G, Konorski J
Science. 1966 Jul 1;153(3731):87-9. doi: 10.1126/science.153.3731.87.
Dogs given opportunities to base their instrumental conditioned responses in differentiation learning on either the quality of the auditory conditioned stimulus (for example, metronome versus buzzer) or the direction of its source (in front or behind) choose different cues in different tasks. In S(1)--> R(1), S(2)-->R(2) (left leg-right leg) differentiation they exclusively use directional cues and are almost unable to learn this task when only quality cues are available. When confronted with Pavlovian S +--> R, S ---> no R (go-no go) differentiation, however, they generally learn on the basis of quality cues, although some animals also attend to the directional cues. Thus an animal's success or failure in a given differentiation procedure depends not only on its ability to discriminate the stimuli but also on the task with which it is confronted.
给予狗在辨别学习中基于听觉条件刺激的质量（例如节拍器与蜂鸣器）或其来源方向（前方或后方）来建立工具性条件反应的机会，它们在不同任务中会选择不同的线索。在S(1)-->R(1)，S(2)-->R(2)（左腿 - 右腿）辨别中，它们只使用方向线索，并且当只有质量线索可用时几乎无法学会这项任务。然而，当面对巴甫洛夫式的S +-->R，S --->无R（去 - 不去）辨别时，它们通常基于质量线索进行学习，尽管有些动物也会注意方向线索。因此，动物在给定辨别程序中的成功或失败不仅取决于其辨别刺激的能力，还取决于它所面临的任务。
