Williams J F, Mathew B
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984 Dec;4(6):1184-7. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(84)80136-9.
The effect of procainamide and digoxin, singly and together, on peak active force and rate of force development of isolated right ventricular papillary muscles from adult cats was examined. Procainamide (1.5 X 10(-5) M) increased force and rate of force development in each muscle with further increments in performance up to 2.4 X 10(-4) M in most muscles. The maximal increases in force (+/- SEM) averaged 75 +/- 13% above control values. Essentially no response to procainamide was observed when basal levels of contractile state were increased by increasing stimulus frequency or calcium concentrations of the bathing solution. Propranolol (10(-6) M) markedly reduced and verapamil (10(-7) M) abolished the inotropic effect of procainamide. Exposing muscles to procainamide (1.5 or 3 X 10(-5) M) before or after the administration of digoxin (2 or 4 X 10(-7) M) did not alter the inotropic action of either drug. Thus, procainamide in concentrations that are in the therapeutic range in human patients has potent positive inotropic effects that may be masked at high levels of contractile state. This action of procainamide appears to be due to an effect on calcium channels, which in part may be due to beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation. These concentrations of procainamide do not alter the inotropic response to digoxin.
