Attneave F, Farrar P
Am J Psychol. 1977 Dec;90(4):549-63.
After a 5-minute inspection of 7 objects laid out on a shelf, subjects were seated with the objects behind them and answered questions about the locations and orientations of objects by throwing a switch left or right. The "visual image" subjects were told to imagine that the objects were still in front of them and to respond accordingly. The "real space" (RS) subjects were told to respond in terms of the positions of the objects in real space behind them. Thus correct responses (left vs. right) were completely opposite for the 2 groups. A control group responded while facing a curtain concealing the objects. The task was harder, by time and error criteria, for group RS than for the other 2 groups, but not dramatically so. All RS subjects denied using a response-reversal strategy. Some reported translating the objects from back to front and thus responding as to a mirror-image of the array. When this evasion was discouraged, RS subjects typically reported responding in terms of visual images located behind them and viewed as if by "eyes in the back of the head." The paradox of a visual image that corresponds to no possible visual input is discussed.
在对架子上摆放的7个物品进行5分钟检查后，让受试者就座，物品在他们身后，然后通过向左或向右扳动开关来回答关于物品位置和方向的问题。对于“视觉图像”组的受试者，要求他们想象物品仍在自己面前，并据此做出反应。对于“真实空间”（RS）组的受试者，要求他们根据物品在身后真实空间中的位置做出反应。因此，两组的正确反应（左对右）完全相反。对照组在面对遮挡物品的帘子时做出反应。根据时间和错误标准，RS组完成任务比其他两组更困难，但差异并不显著。所有RS组受试者都否认使用了反应反转策略。一些人报告说将物品从后向前转换，从而像对阵列的镜像那样做出反应。当这种规避行为受到抑制时，RS组受试者通常报告说他们是根据位于身后的视觉图像做出反应的，就好像是通过“后脑勺上的眼睛”看到的一样。文中讨论了与任何可能的视觉输入都不对应的视觉图像这一悖论。
