Effect of glutathione on the metabolism of N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene by rat liver microsomes.

Rat liver microsomes catalyze both the N-demethylation and the 4'-hydroxylation of the azo dye carcinogen N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene (DAB). It was found that addition of glutathione (GSH) to the microsomal system markedly stimulated both metabolic pathways. This occurred in the presence of either added NADPH or an NADPH-generating system. It was necessary that GSH be present when the reaction began; if added later, stimulation did not occur. This suggested a direct effect on microsomes rather than a chemical interaction with metabolic intermediates of DAB. Since stimulation occurred even in the presence of EDTA, the GSH effect cannot be satisfactorily explained in terms of suppression of lipid peroxidation which is totally inhibited by EDTA. Cysteine and cysteamine also stimulated both pathways but were less potent than was GSH; oxidized GSH was without significant effect. Dithiothreitol and beta-mercaptoethanol stimulated 4'-hydroxylation but inhibited N-demethylation, even in the presence of stimulatory concentrations of GSH. Apparently, the synthetic sulfhydryl compounds act through a mechanism different from that of GSH. Inhibition by dithiothreitol is consistent with formation of an N-oxide intermediate during N-demethylation. These observations also support previous findings that N-demethylation and 4' hydroxylation are, in the main, catalyzed by different isozymes of cytochrome P-450.