Dave G
Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol. 1984;78(2):425-31. doi: 10.1016/0742-8413(84)90110-5.
The effects of waterborne fluoride (NaF) on growth, reproduction and survival in Daphnia magna were studied from subnormal to toxic concentrations in hard reconstituted water. The 24- and 48-hr EC50S for immobilization were 205 and 98 mg F (fluoride) 1(-1). Median survival times for fed and unfed Daphnia were reduced at concentrations of F above 8.9 and 10 mg F1(-1), respectively. Growth, determined as body length after 7 and 21 days, was partially inhibited at all concentrations above 3.7 mg F1(-1). Parthenogenetic reproduction was stimulated by all concentrations (dilution factor 0.5) between 0.45 X 10(-3) mg F1(-1) and 3.7 mg F1(-1) and inhibited by all concentrations above 3.7 mg F1(-1), compared to the control with no waterborne fluoride. The highest concentration with a reproduction (number of live progeny/live female) equivalent to the control after 21 days was 4.4 mg F1(-1). However, a progressive decline in reproduction between 14 and 21 days indicates a slight long-term inhibition above 0.58 mg F1(-1). The "safe" concentration equivalent to the geometric mean of NOEC or MATC for D. magna in hard water is 4.4 mg F1(-1), derived as ZEP, the Zero Equivalent Point, for reproduction after 21 days.
在人工硬水中，研究了从低于正常水平到有毒浓度的水性氟化物（氟化钠）对大型溞生长、繁殖和存活的影响。固定化的24小时和48小时半数有效浓度（EC50）分别为205和98毫克氟（F）/升。对于喂食和未喂食的大型溞，当氟浓度分别高于8.9和10毫克F/升时，其平均存活时间会缩短。以7天和21天后的体长来衡量，在所有高于3.7毫克F/升的浓度下，生长均受到部分抑制。与无水性氟化物的对照相比，在0.45×10⁻³毫克F/升至3.7毫克F/升之间的所有浓度（稀释因子0.5）均刺激孤雌生殖，而高于3.7毫克F/升的所有浓度均抑制孤雌生殖。21天后繁殖（存活后代数量/存活雌体数量）与对照相当的最高浓度为4.4毫克F/升。然而，在14天至21天之间繁殖的逐渐下降表明，高于0.58毫克F/升存在轻微的长期抑制作用。硬水中大型溞的“安全”浓度相当于无观察效应浓度（NOEC）或最大耐受浓度（MATC）几何平均值，该浓度为4.4毫克F/升，是通过21天后繁殖的零当量点（ZEP）得出的。
