Childhood enuresis: current thoughts on causes and cures.

A review of the literature on childhood enuresis indicates that there is a multiplicity of possible etiologies, depending on the particular situation. Though psychological and physiological abnormalities can cause the disorder, evidence is accumulating which indicates that in many cases the problem is either due to environmental factors or to a delay in maturation. The literature indicates that where psychological or physiological problems are not present, the most successful treatment is the "bell and pad" form of behavior modification. However, because endoscopic intervention, pharmacological treatment, environmental or family problems, and, indeed, enuresis itself can cause psychological disturbances, treatment may require a multiple approach.