Hammes J G, Langdell T
J Autism Dev Disord. 1981 Sep;11(3):331-46. doi: 10.1007/BF01531515.
The salience of various precursory requirements for the formation of symbols is discussed. The conclusion is drawn that several necessary precursors could be assumed, and two experiments are described that were designed to test for the presence of these precursors in autistic children compared to matched retarded children. First, there was a study of the children's ability to imitate and form internal images, and then there was a study of their development of a concept of object permanence and ability to anticipate. These studies led to the conclusion that the autistic children could form internal images but seemed to lack the ability to manipulate them in a purposeful and meaningful manner, as reflected in their inability to show symbolic imitations and their lack of tendency to use elements of their perceptions that might allow prediction of future events. The findings are discussed in terms of cognitive and social development.
讨论了符号形成的各种前置要求的显著性。得出的结论是，可以假定有几个必要的前置条件，并描述了两个实验，这些实验旨在测试自闭症儿童与匹配的智力迟钝儿童相比是否存在这些前置条件。首先，研究了儿童模仿和形成内心图像的能力，然后研究了他们客体永久性概念的发展和预期能力。这些研究得出的结论是，自闭症儿童能够形成内心图像，但似乎缺乏以有目的和有意义的方式操纵它们的能力，这体现在他们无法进行象征性模仿以及缺乏利用其感知元素来预测未来事件的倾向。从认知和社会发展的角度对这些发现进行了讨论。
