Reiner A, Krause J E, Keyser K T, Eldred W D, McKelvy J F
J Comp Neurol. 1984 Jun 10;226(1):50-75. doi: 10.1002/cne.902260105.
The distribution of a substance P-like material in turtle brain, spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion, and retina was determined using radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunohistochemistry. High levels of a substance P-like material were found in turtle neural tissue, particularly in basal telencephalon, hypothalamus, and tegmentum. In many regions, the concentration of a substance P-like material in turtle nervous tissue was found to be similar, in a region-to-region comparison, to that previously reported for birds and mammals, particularly for the more "phylogenetically conservative" parts of the nervous system (such as the basal ganglia, tegmentum, and hypothalamus). The slopes of substance P RIA dose-response curves for tissue extracts from nearly all regions of the turtle nervous system examined were parallel to a standard dose-response curve for synthetic substance P (SP). The immunohistochemical results, with anti-substance P antisera from guinea pig or rabbit, or with a monoclonal antibody, were consistent with the RIA data. Regions showing high concentration of an SP-like material by RIA were observed to contain numerous neurons and/or fibers containing an SP-like material. The immunohistochemical results provide evidence for the presence in turtle of numerous SP-containing pathways, several of which (e.g., an SP-containing strionigral pathway, an SP-containing striopallidal pathway and an SP-containing dorsal root ganglia-spinal dorsal horn pathway), have been described in birds and mammals. The present results thus suggest that the neuropeptide SP has had a largely stable evolutionary history as a transmitter or modulatory agent during amniote brain evolution.
使用放射免疫测定法（RIA）和免疫组织化学方法，测定了P物质样物质在龟脑、脊髓、背根神经节和视网膜中的分布。在龟的神经组织中发现了高水平的P物质样物质，特别是在基底前脑、下丘脑和被盖区。在许多区域，通过区域间比较发现，龟神经组织中P物质样物质的浓度与先前报道的鸟类和哺乳动物的浓度相似，特别是神经系统中“系统发育上更保守”的部分（如基底神经节、被盖区和下丘脑）。所检测的龟神经系统几乎所有区域的组织提取物的P物质RIA剂量反应曲线的斜率与合成P物质（SP）的标准剂量反应曲线平行。用豚鼠或兔的抗P物质抗血清或单克隆抗体进行的免疫组织化学结果与RIA数据一致。通过RIA显示P物质样物质高浓度的区域被观察到含有大量含有P物质样物质的神经元和/或纤维。免疫组织化学结果为龟体内存在众多含SP通路提供了证据。在鸟类和哺乳动物中已经描述了其中的几条通路（例如，一条含SP的纹状体黑质通路、一条含SP的纹状体苍白球通路和一条含SP的背根神经节-脊髓背角通路）。因此，目前的结果表明，在羊膜动物脑进化过程中，神经肽SP作为一种递质或调节剂，其进化历史在很大程度上是稳定的。
