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选择性注意与视觉信息的组织

Selective attention and the organization of visual information.

作者信息

Duncan J

出版信息

J Exp Psychol Gen. 1984 Dec;113(4):501-17. doi: 10.1037//0096-3445.113.4.501.

Abstract

Theories of visual attention deal with the limit on our ability to see (and later report) several things at once. These theories fall into three broad classes. Object-based theories propose a limit on the number of separate objects that can be perceived simultaneously. Discrimination-based theories propose a limit on the number of separate discriminations that can be made. Space-based theories propose a limit on the spatial area from which information can be taken up. To distinguish these views, the present experiments used small (less than 1 degree), brief, foveal displays, each consisting of two overlapping objects (a box with a line struck through it). It was found that two judgments that concern the same object can be made simultaneously without loss of accuracy, whereas two judgments that concern different objects cannot. Neither the similarity nor the difficulty of required discriminations, nor the spatial distribution of information, could account for the results. The experiments support a view in which parallel, preattentive processes serve to segment the field into separate objects, followed by a process of focal attention that deals with only one object at a time. This view is also able to account for results taken to support both discrimination-based and space-based theories.

摘要

视觉注意理论探讨的是我们同时看到(并随后报告)多件事物的能力极限。这些理论大致可分为三类。基于物体的理论提出,能够同时被感知的独立物体数量存在极限。基于辨别力的理论提出,能够做出的独立辨别的数量存在极限。基于空间的理论提出,能够获取信息的空间区域存在极限。为了区分这些观点,本实验采用了小尺寸(小于1度)、短暂呈现的中央凹显示,每个显示由两个重叠的物体(一个画有穿过线的框)组成。研究发现,涉及同一物体的两项判断可以同时做出且不损失准确性,而涉及不同物体的两项判断则不能。所需辨别的相似性或难度,以及信息的空间分布,均无法解释这些结果。这些实验支持了一种观点,即并行的前注意过程将视野分割成独立的物体,随后是一次仅处理一个物体的集中注意过程。这种观点也能够解释那些被认为支持基于辨别力和基于空间的理论的结果。

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