van der Heijden A H
University of Leiden, Unit of Experimental and Theoretical Psychology, The Netherlands.
Psychol Res. 1993;56(1):44-58. doi: 10.1007/BF00572132.
Within contemporary visual-information-processing psychology, two classes of selective-attention theories can be distinguished: position-not-special theories and position-special theories. The position-not-special theories postulate that attentional selection by colour, by form, and by position are equivalent selective operations. The position-special theories assume that selection by position is more basic or direct than selection by colour or by form. Examples of both types of theory are briefly described, and irrelevant and relevant evidence is critically discussed. It is concluded that the relevant evidence is directly compatible with the position-special views and that the position-not-special theories require additional extraneous assumptions. The position-special model presented in Van der Heijden (1992) is elaborated in further detail. It is shown that this model is compatible with two important and often substantiated assumptions of the position-not-special theories: the assumption that pre-attentive analysers organize the visual scene in objects against a background, and the assumption that visual-selective attention can be directed at objects isolated in this way. This position-special theory is a parsimonious theory because it can identify the mentalistic concept selective attention with the materialistic concept spatial position.
在当代视觉信息处理心理学中，可以区分出两类选择性注意理论：位置非特殊理论和位置特殊理论。位置非特殊理论假定，按颜色、形状和位置进行的注意选择是等效的选择性操作。位置特殊理论则认为，按位置进行的选择比按颜色或形状进行的选择更为基本或直接。本文简要描述了这两类理论的示例，并对相关和不相关的证据进行了批判性讨论。结论是，相关证据与位置特殊观点直接相符，而位置非特殊理论需要额外的外部假设。进一步详细阐述了范德海登（1992）提出的位置特殊模型。结果表明，该模型与位置非特殊理论的两个重要且经常得到证实的假设相符：前注意分析器在背景中以物体形式组织视觉场景的假设，以及视觉选择性注意可以指向以这种方式分离出的物体的假设。这种位置特殊理论是一种简洁的理论，因为它可以将心理主义概念“选择性注意”与唯物主义概念“空间位置”等同起来。
