Studies on the interaction of staphylococcal delta-haemolysin with isolated islets of Langerhans.

delta-Haemolysin, a small surface-active polypeptide purified from the culture media of Staphylococcus aureus, was observed to stimulate the release of insulin from isolated rat islets of Langerhans. This effect was dose-dependent and saturable, with the half-maximal response elicited by a delta-haemolysin concentration of 10 micrograms/ml. Stimulation of insulin release by delta-haemolysin (10 micrograms/ml) was not dependent on the presence of glucose in the incubation medium, but was augmented by increasing concentrations of the sugar. The release of insulin in response to delta-haemolysin could be inhibited by depletion of extracellular Ca2+ or by adrenaline (epinephrine) (10 microM) and was readily reversible when delta-haemolysin was removed from the medium. In addition, the response was potentiated by incubation with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (0.2 mM). These observations suggest that delta-haemolysin induced a true activation of the beta-cell secretory mechanism. Stimulation of islets of Langerhans with delta-haemolysin was found to be associated with a modest increase in intracellular cyclic AMP levels, although the adenylate cyclase activity of islet homogenates was not increased by delta-haemolysin. delta-Haemolysin was observed to induce a dose-dependent net accumulation of 45Ca2+ by islet cells and to stimulate the efflux of 45Ca2+ from preloaded islets. The efflux of 45Ca2+ was modest in size and short-lived, but dramatically increased in medium depleted fo 40Ca2+. Incubation in the presence of verapamil augmented delta-haemolysin-induced 45Ca2+ efflux and insulin secretion. delta-Haemolysin was found to be a potent 45Ca2+-translocating ionophore in an artificial system. This response was dose-dependent and could be augmented by verapamil. In addition, phosphatidylcholine (25 micrograms/ml) was found to inhibit both delta-haemolysin induced 45Ca2+ translocation and insulin release in a precisely parallel manner. These studies suggest that the ability of delta-haemolysin to stimulate insulin release may be due, in part, to the facilitation of Ca2+ entry into the beta-cells of islets of Langerhans, mediated directly by an ionophoretic mechanism.