Phillips T D, Nechay B R, Heidelbaugh N D
Fed Proc. 1983 Oct;42(13):2969-73.
Vanadium (V), a metallic element of the first transition series, is widely distributed in the environment. Although an essential trace element in higher animals, chronic exposure to V is of concern because of its increased concentration near industrial operations, its occurrence in the ash of combustion products of petroleum and coal, and its subsequent biomagnification in the environment. V is found in trace amounts in both terrestrial and aquatic animals and in solution can form inorganic orthovanadate oxyanions that, if absorbed, are eliminated primarily by the kidneys. Because V is often found concentrated in renal tissue to the largest extent in the body, the kidneys may represent a major site of action. Moreover, V in the vanadate configuration increases the urinary excretion of solutes and water in the rat, and inhibits renal organic ion accumulation and renal Na+, K+-ATPase in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, as a nutritionally required element, V may play a regulatory role in salt and water excretion by modification of the Na+ pump in the kidney.
钒（V）是第一过渡系的一种金属元素，在环境中广泛分布。尽管它是高等动物必需的微量元素，但长期接触钒令人担忧，因为在工业作业附近其浓度增加，在石油和煤炭燃烧产物的灰烬中存在，以及随后在环境中的生物放大作用。在陆生和水生动物体内都能发现微量的钒，在溶液中它可形成无机原钒酸根阴离子，一旦被吸收，主要通过肾脏排出。由于钒在体内往往最大程度地集中在肾组织中，肾脏可能是主要的作用部位。此外，钒酸盐形态的钒会增加大鼠尿液中溶质和水的排泄，并在体外和体内抑制肾脏有机离子的积累以及肾脏钠钾ATP酶。此外，作为一种营养必需元素，钒可能通过改变肾脏中的钠泵在盐和水的排泄中发挥调节作用。
