van der Kooy D, O'Shaughnessy M, Mucha R F, Kalant H
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1983 Sep;19(3):441-5. doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(83)90117-x.
The reinforcing properties of ethanol were examined in naive adult male rats by means of a place conditioning paradigm that has previously demonstrated the positive reinforcing properties of food, water and some drugs, and the aversive properties of punishers such as electric shock and lithium chloride. Only doses of 0.8-1.0 g/kg and higher produced clear place conditioning, and this was only conditioned place aversion; rats spent significantly more time on the side of the place conditioning box in which they received the vehicle than on the side in which they received ethanol. Doses between 0.1 g/kg and 0.8 g/kg produced increases in general activity, but did not produce any place conditioning. Control experiments indicated that the pattern of effects was not specific to the route of ethanol administration (intravenous or intragastric), rate of infusion, concentration, or vehicle. It was concluded that ethanol, in the doses used here, has only punishing or neutral motivational effects in naive rats and does not serve as a primary positive reinforcer in this model. The conclusions are discussed in relation to the relative difficulty encountered in attempts to produce ethanol self-administration, and the findings are viewed as consistent with a proposal that prolonged training and experience with ethanol are important for ethanol self-administration by the rat.
通过一种位置条件反射范式，在未接触过乙醇的成年雄性大鼠中研究了乙醇的强化特性。该范式先前已证明食物、水和某些药物具有正强化特性，而电击和氯化锂等惩罚物具有厌恶特性。只有0.8 - 1.0克/千克及更高剂量才能产生明显的位置条件反射，且这只是条件性位置厌恶；与接受乙醇的一侧相比，大鼠在接受溶剂的位置条件反射箱一侧停留的时间明显更长。0.1克/千克至0.8克/千克之间的剂量会使大鼠的总体活动增加，但未产生任何位置条件反射。对照实验表明，这些效应模式并非特定于乙醇的给药途径（静脉注射或灌胃）、输注速度、浓度或溶剂。得出的结论是，在此处使用的剂量下，乙醇在未接触过乙醇（即初产）的大鼠中仅具有惩罚性或中性的动机效应，在该模型中不作为主要的正强化物。针对在尝试使大鼠产生乙醇自我给药时遇到的相对困难，对这些结论进行了讨论，并且这些发现被视为与一项提议一致，即对大鼠而言，长时间的乙醇训练和接触对于乙醇自我给药很重要。
