Morgan K J, Zabik M E
J Am Coll Nutr. 1984;3(1):27-44. doi: 10.1080/07315724.1984.10720034.
From 7-day food diaries of a cross-sectional sample of American elderly individuals (n = 561), breakfast consumption patterns were assessed and related to average daily nutrient intake patterns. Results indicated that, in general, breakfast consumption made a significant contribution to the average elderly individual's daily nutrient intake and, in particular, breakfasts containing ready-to-eat cereal had a greater impact on nutrient intake levels than did breakfasts not containing ready-to-eat cereal. More specifically, elderly individuals who had ready-to-eat cereal at breakfast 4-7 times during the week surveyed consumed significantly less (P less than or equal to 0.05) fat and cholesterol and significantly more fiber, carbohydrate, total sugar, protein, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, vitamins B6, B12, and A, iron, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, copper, and zinc at the breakfast meal than those who had no ready-to-eat cereal at breakfast. Fewer statistically significant differences between the two groups were evidenced when vitamin/mineral supplement usage was included in the analysis. Average daily intake levels of frequent consumers of ready-to-eat cereal were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) greater than those of nonconsumers for all dietary components except protein, fat, cholesterol, vitamin E, and sodium when supplement usage was excluded from the calculations. When supplements were included, significant differences between the two groups decreased to nine dietary components. Comparison of the average nutrient composition of breakfasts containing ready-to-eat cereal and those not containing ready-to-eat cereal revealed those including ready-to-eat cereal contained significantly greater quantities of all nutrients assessed regardless of whether or not vitamin/mineral supplements were included in the calculations.
从美国老年个体横断面样本（n = 561）的7天饮食日记中，评估了早餐消费模式，并将其与平均每日营养摄入模式相关联。结果表明，总体而言，早餐消费对老年个体的每日营养摄入有显著贡献，特别是含有即食谷物的早餐对营养摄入水平的影响比不含即食谷物的早餐更大。更具体地说，在调查周内早餐食用即食谷物4 - 7次的老年个体，早餐时摄入的脂肪和胆固醇显著减少（P≤0.05），而纤维、碳水化合物、总糖、蛋白质、硫胺素、烟酸、核黄素、维生素B6、B12、A、铁、钙、磷、钾、镁、铜和锌显著增加，相比那些早餐未食用即食谷物的个体。当分析中纳入维生素/矿物质补充剂的使用情况时，两组之间的统计学显著差异较少。当计算中排除补充剂使用时，即食谷物频繁消费者的所有饮食成分平均每日摄入量显著高于非消费者（P≤0.05），但蛋白质、脂肪、胆固醇、维生素E和钠除外。当纳入补充剂时，两组之间的显著差异降至九种饮食成分。对含有即食谷物的早餐和不含即食谷物的早餐的平均营养成分进行比较发现，无论计算中是否纳入维生素/矿物质补充剂，含有即食谷物的早餐所含的所有评估营养素数量都显著更多。
