Nutrition Research Australia, Level 13 167 Macquarie Street, Sydney 2000, Australia.
Department of Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia.
Nutrients. 2019 Jan 15;11(1):175. doi: 10.3390/nu11010175.
Breakfast choice is correlated with daily nutrient intakes, but this association may not be solely explained by the breakfast meal. We profiled breakfast consumer groups among Australian adults and compared the role that breakfast versus the rest of the day had on daily intakes of the Five Food Groups, discretionary foods, and nutrients. Breakfast groups were breakfast cereal consumers, non-cereal breakfast consumers, and breakfast skippers. One-day dietary recall data from the 2011⁻2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey were analysed ( = 9341, ≥19 years), as well as socio-demographic and anthropometric measures. Twelve per cent of adults were breakfast skippers, 41% were breakfast cereal consumers, and 47% were non-cereal breakfast consumers. Females were more likely to have a non-cereal breakfast than males, and the non-cereal breakfast was predominantly bread-based. Breakfast skipping decreased with age ( < 0.001), while breakfast cereal consumption increased with age ( < 0.001). Breakfast skippers were more likely to be male, had a lower socio-economic status, and lower physical activity levels ( < 0.001). Breakfast skippers had the highest mean body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference ( < 0.001), the lowest intake of wholegrain foods, fruits and vegetables, and the highest intake of discretionary foods ( < 0.001). Breakfast cereal consumers had the lowest mean BMI and waist circumference ( < 0.001) and had healthier diets at both breakfast and throughout the rest of the day. They were the most likely to meet the daily recommended serves for grain foods, fruit, dairy, and vegetables, had the highest wholegrain food intake, and the lowest discretionary intake ( < 0.001). Additionally, breakfast cereal consumers had the most favourable daily nutrient intakes, including the lowest added sugars intakes. Differences in daily diet between breakfast groups were attributed to differences in food choices both at breakfast and throughout the rest of the day.
早餐的选择与每日营养素的摄入量有关，但这种关联可能不仅仅是由早餐这一餐来解释的。我们在澳大利亚成年人中描绘了早餐消费者群体，并比较了早餐与一天中其他时间对五类食物、可自由支配的食物和营养素的摄入量的作用。早餐组包括早餐麦片消费者、非麦片早餐消费者和不吃早餐者。对 2011-2012 年全国营养和身体活动调查的一天膳食回忆数据（n=9341，年龄≥19 岁）以及社会人口统计学和人体测量指标进行了分析。12%的成年人不吃早餐，41%的人早餐吃麦片，47%的人早餐吃非麦片。女性吃非麦片早餐的可能性高于男性，且非麦片早餐主要以面包为主。随着年龄的增长（<0.001），不吃早餐的情况减少，而早餐吃麦片的情况则随着年龄的增长（<0.001）而增加。不吃早餐的人更可能是男性，社会经济地位较低，身体活动水平较低（<0.001）。不吃早餐的人平均 BMI 和腰围最高（<0.001），全谷物食品、水果和蔬菜摄入量最低，可自由支配的食物摄入量最高（<0.001）。早餐麦片消费者的平均 BMI 和腰围最低（<0.001），早餐和一天中其他时间的饮食都更健康。他们最有可能满足谷物、水果、奶制品和蔬菜每日推荐摄入量，全谷物食品摄入量最高，可自由支配的食物摄入量最低（<0.001）。此外，早餐麦片消费者的每日营养素摄入量最有利，包括最低的添加糖摄入量。早餐组之间的日常饮食差异归因于早餐和一天中其他时间的食物选择差异。
