Turk J L, Allen E
Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1983 Mar;65(2):128-31.
Bleeding and cupping have been used in medicine since ancient times in the treatment of fevers and local inflammatory disorders. Local bleeding, by 'wet cupping', was effected by a scarificator or by leeches. John Hunter recommended venesection in moderation but preferred leeches for local bleeding. Bleeding as an accepted therapeutic practice went out of vogue in the middle of the nineteenth century as a result of the introduction of modern scientific methods. Dry cupping and the use of leeches, as counter irritants, persisted until the middle of this century.
自古以来，放血和拔罐就在医学中用于治疗发热和局部炎症性疾病。局部放血，即“湿拔罐”，可通过划痕器或水蛭来实现。约翰·亨特建议适度进行静脉切开术，但局部放血时更喜欢用水蛭。由于现代科学方法的引入，放血作为一种被认可的治疗方法在19世纪中叶不再流行。干拔罐和使用水蛭作为对抗刺激剂的方法一直持续到本世纪中叶。
