Taddei A, Sick H
Arch Anat Histol Embryol. 1983;66:3-53.
The chondro-sternal, interchondral, costo-chondral joints and the upper and lower sternal joints were studied in the thorax of 60 children and human adults. Chondro-sternal joints occur as frequent symphyses in the 5th, 6th and 7th joints or ellipsoid joints which are mainly found in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th joints. Diarthrosis frequency increases with age in every joint. An articular space appears particularly in the lower part of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th joints; in fewer cases a space is found in the upper part of the 5th, 6th and 7th joints. These partial spaces disappear with age and are replaced by spaces occupying the whole articulation. The first joint is a synchondrosis which does not vary with age. Interchondral joints are diarthrodial or trochoid joints from earliest childhood and their frequency increases with age. No direct articular contact was observed between the 9th and 10th costal cartilages. Costo-chondral joints are synarthrosis. The upper sternal joint, which is a synchondrosis in the child, may develop into a non-synovial cavity with age, or even turn into synostosis. The lower sternal joint is a synchondrosis which develops partially towards synostosis.
对60名儿童和成人的胸部软骨胸骨关节、软骨间关节、肋软骨关节以及胸骨上下关节进行了研究。软骨胸骨关节在第5、6、7关节处常为联合关节，或在第2、3、4关节处主要为椭圆关节。每个关节的动关节频率随年龄增长而增加。关节间隙尤其出现在第2、3、4关节的下部；在较少情况下，在第5、6、7关节的上部发现间隙。这些部分间隙随年龄消失，并被占据整个关节的间隙所取代。第一关节是软骨结合，不随年龄变化。软骨间关节从儿童早期起就是动关节或车轴关节，其频率随年龄增长而增加。未观察到第9和第10肋软骨之间有直接的关节接触。肋软骨关节是不动关节。儿童时期的胸骨上关节是软骨结合，随年龄增长可能发展为非滑膜腔，甚至变为骨性结合。胸骨下关节是软骨结合，部分向骨性结合发展。
