Grüsser O J
Hum Neurobiol. 1984;3(3):129-44.
J.E. Purkynĕ (1787-1869) was one of the leading physiologists in the first half of the 19th century, became the founder of the "exact subjectivism", and remained during his entire life a very careful observer in psychophysical experiments. He made moreover many important discoveries in anatomy, neuroanatomy, embryology and pharmacology. Despite his outstanding contributions to science, he remained in his general philosophy and feelings deeply attached to the Romantic spirit of the age. After Purkynĕ returned to Prague in 1849 he played an important role in his nation's search for a national identity and became a leading figure in the cultural and social life of Prague. Purkynĕ's contributions to the physiology of vision, the oculomotor and the vestibular systems are reviewed. In vision Purkynĕ discovered the Purkynĕ-tree, flicker patterns seen in diffuse light, moving light nebula in the Eigengrau, spatially patterned structures in pressure phosphenes, the antagonistic properties of Galvanic phosphenes with respect to current polarity, periodic afterimages, the Troxler effect for colour perception with the peripheral retina and the principle of the ophthalmoscope. The Purkynĕ-shift in chromatic sensitivity when the adaptation level shifts from scotopic to photopic vision was rediscovered by Purkynĕ. Purkynĕ was the first to describe the "Purkynĕ images" of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea and the lens and the changes in the third Purkynĕ image when the eye accommodates. He described optokinetic nystagmus and optokinetic after-nystagmus and explained movement aftereffects as a habituation of the gaze motor system. Important contributions were made by Purkynĕ to the physiology of the vestibular system, but he did not propose the existence of peripheral receptors for this system. He believed that direct mechanical effects on certain parts of the brain (especially the cerebellum) are responsible for the mechanisms of vertigo. Purkynĕ's five categories of vertigo are still valid today (vertigo of motion, Galvanic vertigo, vertigo caused by general brain ischemia, height vertigo and vertigo caused by alcohol and other narcotics). Purkynĕ's contribution to sensory physiology can be considered as one of the essential foundations on which modern sensory physiology and psychophysics are built.
扬·埃瓦尔德·浦肯野（1787 - 1869）是19世纪上半叶杰出的生理学家之一，是“精确主观主义”的创始人，并且在其一生当中始终是心理物理学实验中极为严谨的观察者。此外，他在解剖学、神经解剖学、胚胎学和药理学领域也有诸多重要发现。尽管他对科学做出了卓越贡献，但在其总体哲学和情感方面，他始终深深依恋着那个时代的浪漫主义精神。1849年浦肯野回到布拉格后，他在其民族寻求民族身份认同的过程中发挥了重要作用，并成为布拉格文化和社会生活中的领军人物。本文回顾了浦肯野在视觉生理学、眼球运动和前庭系统方面的贡献。在视觉方面，浦肯野发现了浦肯野树、在漫射光中看到的闪烁图案、暗视场中的移动光星云、压力性光幻视中的空间图案结构、电刺激光幻视相对于电流极性的拮抗特性、周期性后像、周边视网膜颜色感知的特罗克斯勒效应以及检眼镜原理。浦肯野重新发现了适应水平从暗视觉转变为明视觉时色觉的浦肯野位移。浦肯野是第一个描述角膜和晶状体前后表面的“浦肯野像”以及眼睛调节时第三浦肯野像变化的人。他描述了视动性眼球震颤和视动性后眼球震颤，并将运动后效解释为注视运动系统的习惯化。浦肯野对前庭系统生理学做出了重要贡献，但他并未提出该系统外周感受器的存在。他认为对大脑某些部位（尤其是小脑）的直接机械作用是眩晕机制的原因。浦肯野的五类眩晕在今天仍然有效（运动性眩晕、电刺激性眩晕、由全脑缺血引起的眩晕、高处眩晕以及由酒精和其他麻醉品引起的眩晕）。浦肯野对感觉生理学的贡献可被视为现代感觉生理学和心理物理学建立的重要基础之一。
