Szaluta J
J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1983;31(1):157-86. doi: 10.1177/000306518303100106.
It is appropriate to conclude this study with a statement that characterizes Freud and his search for particular models, and this is: "A genius chooses his family from among heroes." His historical heroes were Cromwell, Napoleon, Masséna, Garibaldi, Bismarck, Adler, Lasalle, Lasker, and Wilson. Of course, toward many of these figures, Freud was also ambivalent. Yet these leaders have certain common denominators. In various degrees, they may be characterized as progressive, secular, and anti-Catholic. Moreover, they all had spectacular careers, stood up against great odds, and in many instances had serious conflicts with their fathers or men in authority. These leaders had a special significance for Freud, and their selection is representative not only of his own personal dynamics, but also of his historical milieu. His ego ideals demonstrate that Freud was ambitious and had partisan political feelings and concerns. In some cases the choice of the ego ideals stemmed from his ambivalent feelings toward his father and his particular resolution of the oedipal situation. Also very significant is the fact of Freud's Jewish heritage and the anti-Semitism he experienced as a citizen of the Hapsburg Empire. Moreover, Freud was always sensitive about the power and the influence of the Catholic church. Still another reason for his selection of widely scattered figures with whom to identify is the broadening influence of his classical education. In addition, being gifted linguistically, he was able to transcend a parochial environment. In general then, Freud's ego ideals reveal that he was informed politically and historically and that he regarded these men as promoting policies that were liberating.
用一句话来总结这项关于弗洛伊德及其对特定典范的追寻的研究是恰当的，这句话是：“天才从英雄中挑选自己的榜样。”他心目中的历史英雄有克伦威尔、拿破仑、马塞纳、加里波第、俾斯麦、阿德勒、拉萨尔、拉斯克和威尔逊。当然，对于其中许多人物，弗洛伊德也怀有矛盾的态度。然而，这些领袖有某些共同特点。在不同程度上，他们可被描述为进步的、世俗的和反天主教的。此外，他们都有着非凡的职业生涯，不畏重重困难，而且在许多情况下与他们的父亲或权威人物发生过严重冲突。这些领袖对弗洛伊德具有特殊意义，他们的选择不仅代表了他个人的心理动力，也代表了他所处的历史环境。他的自我理想表明弗洛伊德雄心勃勃，怀有党派政治情感和关切。在某些情况下，自我理想的选择源于他对父亲的矛盾情感以及他对俄狄浦斯情结的特殊解决方式。同样非常重要的是弗洛伊德的犹太血统以及他作为哈布斯堡帝国公民所经历的反犹主义。此外，弗洛伊德一直对天主教会的权力和影响很敏感。他选择那些广泛分散的人物作为认同对象的另一个原因是他所受古典教育的影响不断扩大。另外，由于他在语言方面有天赋，他能够超越狭隘的环境。总体而言，弗洛伊德的自我理想表明他在政治和历史方面有见识，并且他认为这些人推行的政策具有解放意义。
