Szathmary E J
Acta Anthropogenet. 1984;8(1-2):79-109.
The paper reviews the archaeological evidence for the length of human occupation in N. America and raises the question whether single or multiple movements of people out of Asia into America occurred, pointing out that considerable genetic variation can occur in small isolated populations in relatively short periods of time. The entire subarctic culture area is populated by speakers of either Athapascan or Algonkian language families. The archaeologic record for tracing the origin of these linguistic groups depends on items of material culture and these have been used to trace the origin of the modern peoples back for a few thousand years. Comparison between groups based on genetic data suffers from unevenness of the data for various Athapascan-and Algonkian-speaking groups. The problem is made more difficult by the smallness of populations and inadequate sample size. The gene diversity measure H of Nei has been used on data for the Athapaskan Dogrib. It suggests that there was probably significant gene diversity present in sub-arctic groups in pre-contact times. Probably this is true also for the Algonkians as typified by the Ojibwa. Examination of the apportioned gene diversity shows that the bulk of the diversity exists within groups rather than between groups. Genetic clues to the peopling of the Americas derive from specific marker genes and from genetic distance statistics. The distribution of the Dia and the GmZa; b03st alleles suggest that Athapaskan genetic links are towards the Bering Sea area while Algonkian connections are towards the south. Nei's genetic distance statistic was calculated for 13 populations using 14 blood group and enzyme loci. The dendrogram derived from the D matrix shows that Eskimos and Chukchi cluster together, and the Athapaskans are closer to the Eskimos than are the Algonkians. These relationships could be valid if the origin of Eskimos goes back to a population of Asiatic Beringia and that populations north of the late Wisconsin ice sheets included a group that led to the Athapaskans whilst populations south of the Wisconsin ice sheet led to the Algonkians.
该论文回顾了北美人类居住时长的考古证据，并提出了人类是单次还是多次从亚洲迁移至美洲的问题，同时指出在相对较短的时间内，小的孤立种群中可能会出现相当大的基因变异。整个亚北极文化区居住着说阿萨巴斯卡语族或阿尔冈昆语族语言的人。追溯这些语言群体起源的考古记录依赖于物质文化物品，而这些物品已被用于追溯现代民族的起源，时间可回溯至几千年前。基于基因数据对不同群体进行比较时，不同说阿萨巴斯卡语和阿尔冈昆语群体的数据存在不均衡的问题。由于人口规模小且样本量不足，这个问题变得更加棘手。内氏基因多样性度量H已被用于阿萨巴斯卡语族多格里布人的数据。这表明在接触前的时期，亚北极群体中可能存在显著的基因多样性。以奥吉布瓦人为代表的阿尔冈昆人可能也是如此。对分配的基因多样性进行检查表明，大部分多样性存在于群体内部而非群体之间。美洲人口迁移的基因线索来自特定的标记基因和遗传距离统计。Dia和GmZa; b03st等位基因的分布表明，阿萨巴斯卡人的基因联系指向白令海地区，而阿尔冈昆人的联系指向南方。使用14个血型和酶位点对内氏遗传距离统计量进行了计算，涉及13个种群。从D矩阵得出的树形图显示，爱斯基摩人和楚科奇人聚在一起，阿萨巴斯卡人比阿尔冈昆人更接近爱斯基摩人。如果爱斯基摩人的起源可以追溯到亚洲白令陆桥的一个种群，并且晚威斯康星冰盖以北的种群包括一个导致阿萨巴斯卡人的群体，而威斯康星冰盖以南的种群导致了阿尔冈昆人，那么这些关系可能是成立的。
